Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
https://app.periodikos.com.br/journal/resr/article/doi/10.1590/1806-9479.2026.306622
Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural
ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Fatores pull e push associados ao trabalho off-farm nos estabelecimentos agropecuários brasileiros

Pull and push factors associated with off-farm work on Brazilian farms

Rosimere Miranda Fortini; Marcelo José Braga; Carlos Otávio de Freitas; Felipe de Figueiredo Silva

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Resumo

Este estudo identifica e analisa os fatores relacionados às perspectivas push (condições adversas de origem) e pull (atrativos locais) associados à maior intensidade de estabelecimentos agropecuários com renda proveniente do trabalho exercido fora da propriedade (off‑farm) pelos proprietários e/ou seus cônjuges nos municípios brasileiros, distinguindo agricultores familiares e não familiares nas cinco regiões. Com dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2017 e outras bases secundárias, foram eleitos estabelecimentos representativos e estimado um modelo Probit em nível municipal. Os resultados revelam uma dinâmica heterogênea: nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste predominam fatores pull, caracterizando o trabalho externo como estratégia de acumulação motivada por oportunidades locais. Em contraste, no Norte, Nordeste e Sudeste sobressaem fatores push, visto que choques climáticos, como secas e anomalias térmicas, aumentam a probabilidade de intensidade off-farm, a qual atua como mecanismo de resiliência e mitigação de riscos. As evidências apontam para a necessidade de políticas territorializadas que reconheçam o trabalho off-farm com um componente estruturante das estratégias de resiliência e desenvolvimento rural no Brasil.

Palavras-chave

trabalho off-farm, diversificação da ocupação, fatores pull e push, resiliência

Abstract

This study identifies and analyzes the factors related to push (adverse origin conditions) and pull (local attractions) perspectives associated with a higher intensity of farms with income derived from off-farm work performed by owners and/or their spouses in Brazilian municipalities, distinguishing between family and non-family farmers across the five macro-regions. Using data from the 2017 Agricultural Census and other secondary databases, representative farms were created, and a Probit model was estimated at the municipal level. The results reveal a heterogeneous dynamic: in the South and Central-West regions, pull factors predominate, characterizing external work as an accumulation strategy driven by local opportunities. In contrast, in the North, Northeast, and Southeast, push factors stand out, given that climate shocks, such as droughts and temperature anomalies, increase the probability of off-farm intensity, acting as a mechanism for resilience and risk mitigation. The evidence points to the need for territorialized policies that recognize off-farm work as a structural component of resilience and rural development strategies in Brazil.

Keywords

off-farm work, occupational diversification, pull and push factors, resilience

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