Uso da lenha e pobreza energética no setor residencial brasileiro
Firewood use and energy poverty in the Brazilian residential sector
Luiz Felipe de Menezes Correia da Silva, Adriana Gioda
Resumo
O uso de lenha para cocção permanece relevante no setor residencial brasileiro, apesar da disponibilidade de combustíveis modernos, refletindo desigualdades socioeconômicas e territoriais no acesso à energia. Este estudo analisa a persistência do uso de biomassa (lenha e carvão vegetal) à luz da pobreza energética, integrando dados do Balanço Energético Nacional (BEN) e da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD Contínua) de 2016 a 2025. Os microdados foram tratados com técnicas para amostras complexas, avaliando relações entre renda, região e uso de lenha/carvão. Os resultados indicam que, embora haja redução nacional, mais 10 milhões de domicílios ainda utilizavam esses combustíveis em 2025, concentrados principalmente nas regiões Nordeste, Sul e Norte e entre famílias de baixa renda. Observa-se também uso em grupos de renda média e alta, associado a fatores culturais e climáticos. A persistência desses combustíveis implica riscos à saúde, impactos ambientais e desafios ao cumprimento do Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS 7, Energia limpa e acessível).
Palavras-chave
Abstract
The use of firewood for cooking remains significant in the Brazilian residential sector, despite the availability of modern fuels, reflecting socioeconomic and territorial inequalities in access to energy. This study analyzes the persistence of biomass use (firewood and charcoal) in the context of energy poverty, integrating data from the National Energy Balance (BEN) and the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Contínua) from 2016 to 2025. Microdata was analyzed using techniques for complex samples, evaluating relationships between income, region, and the use of firewood/charcoal. The results indicate that, although there is a national decline, more than 10 million households were still using these fuels in 2025, mainly concentrated in the Northeast, South, and North regions and among low-income families. Use is also observed among middle- and high-income groups, associated with cultural and climatic factors. The persistence of these fuels implies health risks, environmental impacts, and challenges for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7, Affordable and Clean Energy).
Keywords
References
Arderius, Daniel, Obaco, Moisés, & Alvarado, Rafael. (2023). Household socioeconomic determinants of clean cooking program in Ecuador. Energy Sources, 18(1), 2160525. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249. 2022.2160525
Cardoso, María Betina, Miranda Gamboa, Myriam Atlanxochitl, Berrueta, Victor, & Masera, Omar. (2022). Longitudinal analysis and expected evolution of household fuel and stove stacking patterns in rural Mexico. Energy for Sustainable Development, 70(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.011
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – EPE. (2025). Balanço Energético Nacional: Séries históricas. Recuperado em 15 de setembro de 2025, de https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/ BEN-Series-Historicas-Completas
Gioda, Adriana. (2019). Características e procedência da lenha usada na cocção no Brasil. Estudos Avançados, 33(95), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-4014.2019.3395.0009
Gioda, Adriana, Valladares, Renata, Teixeira, Ivo, Araújo Júnior, Marcus, & Massone, Carlos German. (2022). Evaluation of baseline firewood consumption for domestic cooking in low-income rural households in Bahia, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasílica, 36, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062021abb0275
Gioda, Adriana, Silva, Luiz, & De La Cruz, Alex. (2025). Assessment of cooking technologies in energy transition: Impacts on pollutant concentrations. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(6), 680. PMid:40423715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14155-7
Goldemberg, José. (2017). How much could biomass contribute to reaching the Paris Agreement goals? Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining: Biofpr, 11(2), 237-238. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1762
Grupo de Trabalho da Sociedade Civil – GTSC. (2023) Relatório Luz da Sociedade Civil Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável – Brasil. Recuperado em 15 de abril de 2025, de https://brasilnaagenda2030. files.wordpress.com/2023/10/rl_2023_webcompleto-v9.pdf
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2025a). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Recuperado em 11 de janeiro de 2025, de https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/ populacao/9127-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios.html
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE. (2025b). Tabela 9731 - indicador 7.1.2: Percentual de moradores em domicílios. Recuperado em 11 de janeiro de 2025, de https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9731
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada – IPEA. (2023). Objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável. Recuperado em 12 de novembro de 2025, de https://www.ipea.gov.br/ods/
Lai, Alexandra, Clark, Sierra, Carter, Ellison, Shan, Ming, Ni, Kun, Yang, Xudong, Baumgartner, Jill, & Schauer, James J. (2020). Impacts of stove/fuel use and outdoor air pollution on chemical composition of household particulate matter. Indoor Air, 30(2), 294-305. PMid:31880849. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12636
Mazzone, Antonella, Cruz, Talita, & Bezerra, Paula. (2021). Firewood in the forest: Social practices, culture, and energy transitions in a remote village of the Brazilian Amazon. Energy Research & Social Science, 74, 101980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101980
Mitra, Pradip, Chakraborty, Deep, Nayek, Sukanta, Kundu, Soumya, Mishra, Debojyoti, Dan, Utpal, & Mondal, Naba. (2023). Biomass using tribal women exhibited respiratory symptoms, hypertensive risks and abnormal pulmonary function. Chemosphere, 311(Pt 1), 136995. PMid:36330973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136995
Nardocci, Adelaide, Nogueira, Thiago, Almeida Piai, Kamila, Cavendish, Thais, & Kumar, Prashant. (2023). Indoor environment exposure and children’s health. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 32, 2468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100449
R Development Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Ravindra, Khaiwal, Kaur-Sidhu, Maninder, & Mor, Suman. (2021). Transition to clean household energy through an application of integrated model: Ensuring sustainability for better health, climate and environment. The Science of the Total Environment, 775, 145657. PMid:33621873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145657
World Bank. (2015). Beyond connections: Energy access redefined. Recuperado em 12 de novembro de 2025, de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24368 World Bank. International Energy Agency. International Renewable Energy Agency. United Nations Statistics Division.
World Health Organization. (2021). Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2021. Recuperado em 12 de novembro de 2025, de https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/
Submitted date:
10/20/2025
Accepted date:
06/12/2026
Facebook
LinkedIn
Mendeley
Reddit
Email