Vulnerabilidad de las corticales óseas alveolares posteriormente a movimientos ortodónticos: Revisión de Literatura
Vulnerability of alveolar bone cortices after orthodontic movements: Literature Review
Carla Cob Castro, Mariana Ruiz Villalobos, María Jesús Wattson Gómez, Andrea López Soto
Resumen
Los movimientos dentales ortodónticos generan un proceso fisiológico que involucra la salud e integridad del aparato periodontal. Al manipular con fuerzas y mecánicas las piezas dentales, se generan consecuencias en los tejidos de soporte, entre ellos, variaciones en el nivel óseo del hueso alveolar, una de las estructuras del periodonto más susceptible al cambio. Esta revisión de literatura busca establecer un patrón entre los hallazgos encontrados en las investigaciones concernientes a grosores óseos pre y postmovimientos ortodónticos, así como una tendencia en el grosor de la cortical alveolar asociado a diferentes poblaciones, sexo y tipo de maloclusiones dentales y esqueléticas, posteriormente al análisis con tomografía CBCT. Al valorar los cambios en el grosor óseo posteriormente a SARPE, mecánicas de cierre de espacio con extracción de primeras premolares superiores y segundas premolares inferiores, encontramos una reducción no significativa del grosor óseo en la pared bucal, opuesto a un aumento significativo del grosor óseo en la pared palatina. Después de los movimientos de torque, se obtiene una reducción significativa correlacionada con el apiñamiento y cantidad de expansión en la región de premolares. Al evaluar el grosor de la cortical alveolar con respecto al tipo de maloclusión dental se deja en evidencia que aún es necesario realizar más investigación para poder afirmar que existe un patrón en grosores óseos asociado a maloclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos al analizar otros factores presentan una gran variabilidad, incluso, al analizar un mismo movimiento y mecánica ortodóntica. Las metodologías empleadas no son presentadas con detalle y al ser tan variables y heterogéneas, imposibilitan comparaciones y conclusiones reales. Por lo tanto, queda por explorar los movimientos ortodónticos no contemplados en investigaciones actuales.
Palabras clave
Abstract
Orthodontic dental movements generate a physiological process that involves the health and integrity of the periodontal tissues. By manipulating the teeth with forces and mechanics, consequences are generated in the supporting tissues, including variations in the bone level of the alveolar bone, one of the structures of the periodontium most susceptible to change. This literature review seeks to establish a pattern between the information found in investigations concerning bone thickness before and after orthodontic movements, as well as a trend in the thickness of the alveolar cortex associated with different populations, sex and type of dental and skeletal malocclusions, after analysis with CBCT tomography. When assessing changes in bones thickness after SARPE, space closure mechanics with of upper first premolars and lower second premolars, we found a non-significant reduction in bone thickness in the buccal wall, as opposed to a significant increase in bone thickness in the palatal wall. After evaluating the torque movements, a significant reduction is obtained correlated with the crowding and amount of expansion in the premolar region. When evaluating the thickness of the alveolar cortex to the type of dental malocclusion, it is evident that more research is still necessary to be able to affirm that there is a pattern in bone thickness associated with. The results obtained when analyzing other factors show great variability even when analyzing the same movement and orthodontic mechanics. The methodologies used are not presented in detail and as they are so variable and heterogeneous, they make real comparisons and conclusions impossible. Therefore, orthodontic movements not contemplated in current research remain to be explored.
Keywords
Referencias
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Submitted date:
07/05/2021
Accepted date:
22/06/2021
Publication date:
24/11/2021
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