COSTS OF SOIL EROSION FROM AN AREA OF HIGH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
João Fernando Marques
Abstract
The impacts of soil erosion can be grouped into two major categories, off-site and on-site. The present study will focus on erosion damages at both areas of impact. The estimated economic cost of the off-site ( external) costs of erosion will be based on the effect of water born sediment on hydroelectric plants. This effect can be lost reservoir capacity, increased use of maintenance labor, and reduced electrical energy production. The on-site (internal) costs of erosion will be determined by soil nutrient replacement costs. The monetary values of the on-site and off-site damages were calculated using lost revenue, replacement costs, and decreased system productivity. The empirical work was based on sediment levels in the Sapucai River located in the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo's north. The estimated annual offsite costs, discounted at 3% per year, was US$ 9,854,490.00, larger than the US$ 5,377,913.00 for annual on-site costs.
Keywords
Referências
ANUAfilOESTATISTICO DO SETORDEFERTILIZANTES 1987-1996. Siio Paulo: Anda, 1995.
AZZONI, C.R. ; ISAI, J.Y. Estimating the costs of environmental protection in Brazil. Eco/,ogicalEconomics, v.11, n.2, p.127-133, Nov. 1994.
BASTOSFILHO,G.S. Contabilizandoaerosiiodosow:Umajusteambiental paraoprodutoagropecudriopaulista. Piracicaba:ESALQ-Departamento de Economia e Sociologia Rural,1995.127p. Dissertac;ao Mestrado.
BELINAZZI JUNIOR, R., et al. A ocorrencia de erosao rural no Estado de Sao Paulo. In: SIMPOSIO SOBRE O CONTROLE DA EROSAO, 2., 1981. Sao Paulo: ABGE, 1981.
CARVALHO, N. de 0. Curso sabre transporte de sedimentos e cdlcu/,o da vida util de reservatdrios. Florian6polis: ELETROSUL, 1989. 1v.
CATI-IEA(SaoPaulo,SP). Levantamentodaproduc;aoagricolaan{vel de munidpio, Estado de Siio Pau/,o, Definitiva, 1995.
CESP (Sao Paulo, SP). Aproveitamento hidroelitrico do Rio Sapucai: estudos de viabilidade das Usinas Sao Domingos, Sao Sebastiao, Monjolinho, Retiro, Anhanguera, Pahneiras, Santa Rita, Sapuca{ (relat6rio final). Sao Paulo, 1987. v.l. (CESP. Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, 35).
CLARK II, E.H.; HAVERKAMP, J.A.; CHAPMAN, W. Eroding soils: the off farm impacts. Washington: The Conservation Foundation, 1985. 252p.
COMUNE, A. E. Meio ambiente, economia e ecomomistas: uma breve discussao. In: MAY, P. H.; MOTTA, R.S. da, org. Valorando anatureza: aniliseecon6micaparaodesenvolvimentosustentavel. RiodeJaneiro: Campus, 1994. p.45-59.
CONT ADOR, C.R. Avaliapi,o social de projetos. Sao Paulo: Atlas, 1981. 30lp.
CPFL (Campinas, SP). Localizapio das usinas da CPFL - OMTT- 00-12- 47. Campinas, 1992.
CROSSON,P. Impactsoferosiononlandproductivityandwaterquality in the United States. In: EL-SWAIFY, S.A; MOLDENHAUER, WC; LO, A. , eds. Soil erosion and conservation. Ankeny: Soil Conservation Society of American, 1985. p.217-236.
ELETROBMS (Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Plano 2015 - Estudo da oferta e demanda: expansao do sistema. Rio de Janeiro, 1993.
GUERRA, A. T. Dicionario Geol6gico-Geomorfol6gico, Rio de Janeiro. Fundac;:ao IBGE, 1981. 203p.
INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIAAGRICOLA (Sao Paulo, SP). Economia agrfrola paulista: caractedsticas e potencialidades. Infarmaf6es Economicas, Sao Paulo, v.21, p.1-201, 1991. Suplemento.
INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS TECNOLOGICAS (Sao Paulo, SP). Mapa de erosao do solo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Escala 1:1.000.000 1aedic;:ao. Sao Paulo, 1995
MARQUES,J.F. Efeitosdaerosaodosolonagerafaodeenergiaelitrica:uma abordagem da economia ambiental. Sao Paulo:USP-FEA, 1995. 257p. Tese Doutorado.
MENCK, P.C.M. Avaliafao economica do controle de erosao na microbacia do Ribeirao Iperrf, em Arafoiaba da Serra, Estado de Sao Paulo. Piracicaba: ESALQ, 1993. 18lp. Tese Mestrado.
MONTOYA, L.J.; MASCHIO, L.M. de A.; RODIGHERI, H.R. Impactos da atividade agricola nos recursos naturais e sua valorayao no Estado do Farand. [Colombo: EMBRAP A-CNPF, 1994]. 1v:
MOTTA, R.S. da. Analise de custo beneffcio do meio ambiente. In: MARGULIS, S., ed. Meio ambiente: aspectos tecnicos e econ6micos. Rio de Janeiro: PNUD/IPEA, 1991. p.109-134.
MULLER, A. C. Hidreletricas, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento. Sao Pau- lo: Makron Books, 1996. 412p.
PEARCE, D. Ethics,irreversibility, future generations and the social rate of discount.Intern. J.Environmental Studies,v.21,p.67-86,1983.
RIBAUDO,M.O. ~terquali-tybenefitsfromConservationReserveProgram. Washington, D.C.: USDA,1989, 30p. (USDA. Resources and Technology Division. Economic Research Service. Agricultural Economic Research Service. Agricultural Economic Report, 606).
SCHWARTZ,H.; BERNEY, R., ed. Social and economic dimensions of project evaluation. Washington:Inter-American Development
Bank,1987. 338p.
SORRENSON, W.J.; MONTOYA, L.J. Implicayoes economicas da erosao dosowedousodealgumasprdticasconservacionistasnoFarand. Londrina: IAPAR, 1989. ll0p. (IAPAR. Boletim Tecnico, 21).
SOUTHGATE, D.; MACKE, R. The downstream benefits of soil conservation in third world hydroeletric watersheds. Land Economics, v.65, n.l, p.38-48, Feb. 1989.
SILVA NETO, A.L.da Estimates ofnational parameters for the economic analysis of projects in Brazil. Project Appraisal, v.8, n.4, p.231-239, Dec. 1993.
VELOZ, J.A.; SOUTHGA TE, D.D.; HITZHUSEN, F.J.; MACGREGOR, R.D. The economics of erosion control in Republican Domenican case. Land Economics, v.61, p.145-155, May, 1985.
WEITZMAN, M.L. On the environmental discount rate. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, v.26,n.2, p.200-209, March, 1994.
WINTER-NELSON, A. Discount rates, natural resources and the measurement of aggregate economic growth in Africa. Ecological Economics,v.17,n. l,p.21-32,April,I996.
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
Email