Epilepsia e anestesia

Marcius Vinícius Mulatinho Maranhão; Eni Araújo Gomes; Priscila Evaristo de Carvalho

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942011000200013

Review Article

Epilepsia e anestesia

Epilepsy and anesthesia

Marcius Vinícius Mulatinho Maranhão; Eni Araújo Gomes; Priscila Evaristo de Carvalho

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942011000200013 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.61, n2, p.242-254, 2011

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A epilepsia é uma doença neurológica crônica das mais frequentes. Embora a anestesia para portadores de epilepsia seja mais frequente em neurocirurgia, esse grupo de pacientes necessita, da mesma maneira que a população geral, de anestesia para dife rentes procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Este artigo visou abordar os aspectos de maior interesse para o anestesiologista na conduta perioperatória do paciente epiléptico submetido à anestesia para procedimentos não neurocirúrgicos. CONTEÚDO: Abordam-se aspectos relevantes de fisiopatologia, classificação e diagnóstico da epilepsia; terapêutica anticonvulsivante e interações com drogas anestésicas; tratamento cirúrgico e dieta cetogênica; efeitos pró- e anticonvulsivante das drogas utilizadas em anestesia; avaliação pré-operatória, conduta intra- e pós-operatória no paciente epiléptico, bem como o diagnóstico e a terapêutica das convulsões perioperatórias. CONCLUSÕES: No manuseio perioperatório do paciente epiléptico é importante para o anestesiologista identificar o tipo de epilepsia; a frequência, a gravidade e os fatores desencadeantes das crises epileptogênicas; o uso de drogas anticonvulsivantes e as eventuais interações com as drogas utilizadas em anestesia; a presença de dieta cetogênica e de estimulador do nervo vago e suas implicações na técnica anestésica. É essencial o conhecimento das propriedades pró- e anticonvulsivantes dos fármacos utilizados na anestesia, minimizando o risco de atividade convulsiva no intra- e no pós-operatório. Por fim, é importante traçar o diagnóstico e realizar o tratamento das crises convulsivas perioperatórias, o que possibilita menor morbimortalidade.

Palavras-chave

DOENÇAS, Neurológicas

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epilepsy is one of the most frequent chronic neurological diseases. Although anesthesia for epilepsy patients is more common in neurosurgery, this group of patients needs, just as the general population, anesthesia for different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This article aims to address the issues of greatest interest to the anesthesiologist in the perioperative management of epileptic patients undergoing anesthesia for non-neurosurgical procedures. CONTENT: We discuss relevant aspects of pathophysiology, classification and diagnosis of epilepsy; anticonvulsant therapy and interactions with anesthetic drugs; surgery and the ketogenic diet; pro-and anticonvulsant effects of drugs used in anesthesia; preoperative evaluation, intra- and postoperative conduct in epileptic patients, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative seizures. CONCLUSIONS: In the perioperative management of epileptic patients is important for anesthesiologists to identify the type of epilepsy, the frequency, severity and the factors triggering the epileptogenic crises; the use of anticonvulsant drugs and possible interactions with drugs used in anesthesia; the presence of ketogenic diet and stimulatory of the vagus nerve, and its implications in anesthetic techniques. It is essential the understanding of pro- and anticonvulsant properties of drugs used in anesthesia, minimizing the risk of seizure activity in the intra- and postoperative. Finally, it is important to outline the diagnosis and initiate treatment of seizures, perioperative, which offers lower both morbidity and mortality.

Keywords

Epilepsy, Anesthesia, Perioperative care, Seizures

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Epilepsia e anestesia

Epilepsy and anesthesia

Marcius Vinícius Mulatinho Maranhão; Eni Araújo Gomes; Priscila Evaristo de Carvalho

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