Antifibrinolíticos e cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea
Antifibrinolytics and cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Ari-Tadeu Lírio dos Santos; João Carlos Splettstosser; Paulo Warpechowski; Mariana Mariz Pinto Gaidzinski
Resumo
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Keywords
References
Øvrum E, Am Holen E, Abdelnoor M. Conventional blood conservation tecniques in 500 consecutive coronary bypass operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:500-505.
Bidstrup BP, Royston D, Sapsford RN. Reduction in blood loss and blood use after cardiopulmonary bypass with high dose aprotinin. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;97:364-372.
DelRossi AJ, Cernaianu AC, Botros S. Prophylatic treatment of postperfusion bleeding using EACA. Chest. 1989;96:27-30.
Salzman EW, Weinstein MJ, Weintraub RM. Treatment with desmopressin acetate to reduce blood loss after cardic surgery: A double-blind randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:402-406.
Carson SD, Brozna JP. The role of tissue factor in the production of thrombin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1993;4:282-492.
Roberts HR, Monroe DM, Escobar MA. Current concepts of hemostasis. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:722-730.
Dahlback B. Blood coagulation and its regulation by anticoagulant pathways: genetic pathogenesis of bleeding and thrombotic diseases. J Intern Med. 2005;57:209-223.
Thorsen S. Differences in the binding to fibrin of native plasminogen and plasminogen modified by proteolytic degradation. Influence of omega-aminocarboxylic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;393:55-56.
Pearson JD. The control of production and release of haemostatic factors in the endothelial cell. Ballieres Clin Haematol. 1995;90:244-248.
Pereira JCD, Auler JOC. Antifibrinolíticos em cirurgia cardíaca: estado atual. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1994;44:205-210.
Boisclair MD, Lane DA, Philippou H. Mechanisms of thrombin generation during surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood. 1993;82:3350-3357.
de Haan J, Boonstra PW, Monnink SH. Retransfusion of suctioned blood during cardiopulmonary bypass impairs hemostasis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59:901-907.
Philipou H, Davidson SJ, Mole MT. Two chain factor VIIa generated in the pericardium during surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: relationship to increase thrombin generation and heparin concentration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:248-254.
Tabuchi N, Haan J, Boonstra PW. Activation of fibrinolysis in the pericardial cavity during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;106:828-833.
Chung JH, Gikakis N, Rao K. Pericardial blood activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1996;93:2014-2018.
Cohn LH, Edmunds LH. Cardiac Surgery in the Adult. 2003:338-348.
Kojima T, Gando S, Kemmotsu O. Another point of view on the mechanism of thrombin generation during cardiopulmonary bypass: role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:60-64.
Harker LA. Bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1446-1448.
Bouma BN, von dem Borne PA, Meijers JCM. Fator XI protection of the fibrin clot against lysis: A role for the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80:24-27.
Despostis GJ, Joist JH. Anticoagulation and anticoagulation reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: un update. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999;13:18-29.
Coller BS. Platelets and thrombolytic therapy. N Eng J Med. 1990;322:33-42.
Bucur SZ, Levy JH, Despotis G. Use of antithrombin III in congenital and adquired deficiency states. Transfusion. 1998;38:481-498.
Adelman B, Michelson AD, Loscalzo J. Plasmin effect on platelet glycoprotein Ib-von Willebrand factor interactions. Blood. 1985;65:32-40.
Spiess BD. The contribution of fibrinolysis to postbypass bleeding. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991;5:13-17.
Murithi EW, Belcher PR, Rao JN. The effects of heparin and extracorporeal circulation on platelets counts and platelet microaggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:538-43.
Hines RL, Rinder C. Perioperative Coagulopathy: cardiac surgery. Blood: Hemostasis, Transfusion and Alternatives in the Perioperative Period. 1995:465-481.
Salzman EW, Weinstein MJ, Weintraub RM. Treatment with desmopressin acetate to reduce blood loss after cardiac surgery: a double-blind randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1402-1406.
Rocha E, Llorens R, Paramo JA. Does desmopressin acetate reduce blood loss after surgery in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass?. Circulation. 1988;77:1319-1323.
Fish KJ, Sarnquist FH, van Steennis C. A prospective randomized study of the effects of prostacyclin on platelet and blood loss during coronary bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;91:436-442.
Royston D. High-dose aprotinin therapy: a review of the first five years' experience. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1992;6:76-100.
Royston D. Aprotinin versus lysine analogues: the debate continues. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:S9-S19.
Hoffmann H, Siebeck M, Thetter O. Aprotinin concentrations effective for the inhibition of tissue kalikrein and plasma kalikrein in vitro and in vivo. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;247B:35-42.
Fremes SE, Wong BI, Lee E. Meta-analysis of prophylatic drug treatment in the prevention of postoperative bleeding. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1580-1588.
Laupacis A, Fergusson D. Drugs to minimize perioperative blood loss in cardiac surgery: meta-analysis using perioperative blood transfusion as the outcome. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:1258-1267.
Levi M, Cromheecke EM, Jonge . Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet. 1999;354:1940-1948.
Royston D, Bidstrup BP, Taylor KM. Effect of aprotinin on the need for blood transfusion after repeat open heart surgery. Lancet. 1987;2:1289-1291.
Dietrich W, Spannagl M, Jochum M. Influence of high-dose aprotinin treatment on blood loss and coagulation patterns in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:119-126.
Harder MP, Eijsman L, Roozendaal . Aprotinin reduces intraoperative and postoperative blood loss in membrane oxygenator cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51:936-941.
Blauhut B, Gross C, Necek S. Effects of high-dose aprotinin on blood loss, platelet function, fibrinolysis, complement, and renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:958-967.
Havel M, Teufelsbauer H, Knobl P. Effect of intraoperative aprotinin administration on postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:968-972.
Lemmer JH, Stanford W, Bonney SL. Aprotinin for coronary bypass surgery; efficacy, safety, and influence on early saphenous vein graft patency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:543-453.
Marx G, Pokar H, Reuter H. The effects of aprotinin on hemostatic function during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothor Vasc Anesth. 1991;5:467-474.
Carrel T, Bauer E, Laske A. Low-dose aprotinin also allows for reduction of blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102:801-802.
Schonberger JP, Everts PA, Ercan H. Low-dose aprotinin in internal mammary artery bypass operations contributes to important blood saving. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1172-1176.
Kawasuji M, Ueyama K, Sakakibara N. Effect of low-dose of aprotinin on coagulation and fibrinolysis in cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:1205-1209.
Isetta C, Samat C, Jourdan I. Aprotinin treatment in cardiac surgery: low-doses versus high doses. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:A139.
Mannucci PM. Hemostatic drugs. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:245-253.
Pinosky ML, Kennedy DJ, Fishman RL. Tranexamic acid reduces bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass when compared to epsilon aminocaproic acid and placebo. J Card Surg. 1997;12:330-338.
Levy JH, Pifarre R, Shaff HV. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aprotinin for reducing blood loss and the requirement for donor-blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 1995;92:2236-2244.
D'Ambra MN, Risk SC. Aprotinin, erythropoietin and blood substitutes. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1990;28:237-240.
Mangano DT, Tudor IT, Dietzel C. The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:353-365.
Levy JH. Hemostatic agents and their safety. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999;13(^s1):6-11.
Franck M, Sladen RN. Drugs to prevent and reverse anticoagulation. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 1999;17:799-811.
Horrow JC, Hlavacek J, Strong MD. Tranexamic acid decreases bleeding after cardiac operations. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99:70-74.
Casati V, Guzzon D, Oppizzi M. Tranexamic acid compared with high-dose aprotinin in primary elective heart operations: effects on perioperative bleeding and allogenic transfusions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:520-527.
Wong BI, McLean RF, Fremes SE. Aprotinin and tranexamic acid for high transfusion risk cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:808-816.
Pugh SC, Wielogorski AK. A comparison of the effects of tranexamic acid and low-dose of aprotinin on blood loss and homologous blood usage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothoracic Vasc Anesth. 1995;9:240-244.
Bernet F, Carrel T, Marbet G. Reduction of blood loss and transfusion requirements after coronary artery bypass grafting: similar efficacy of tranexamic acid and aprotinin in aspirin-treated patients. J Card Surg. 1999;14:92-7.
Del Rossi AJ, Cernaianu AC, Botros S. Prophylatic treatment of postperfusion bleeging using EACA. Chest. 1989;96:27-30.
Arom KV, Emery RW. Decrease posoperative drainage with addition of å-aminocaproic acid before cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:1108-1113.
Daily PO, Lamphere JE, Dembiski WP. Effect of prophylatic epsilon-aminocaproic acid on blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting. A randomized, prospective, double-blind study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;108:99-108.
Hardy JF, Bélisle S, Dupont C. Prophylatic tranexamic and e-aminocaproic acid for primary myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:371-376.
Horrow JC, Van Riper DF, Strong MD. The dose response relationship of tranexamic acid. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:383-392.
Andersson L, Nilsoon IM, Collen S. Role of urokinase and tissue activator in sustaining bleeding and the management thereof with EACA and AMCA. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1968;28:642-658.
Fiechtner BK, Nuttal GA, Johnson ME. Plasma tranexamic acid concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1131-1136.
Dowd N, Karski J, Cheng DCH. Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:SCA 112.
Karski JM, Dowd NP, Joiner R. The effect of three different doses of tranexamic acid on blood loss after cardiac surgery with mild systemic hypothermia (32 degrees C). J Cardiothoracic Vasc Anesth. 1998;12:642-646.
Filipescu D, Giurgiman L, Bubenek S. No benefit of tranexamic acid on blood transfusion requirements in primary cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:31.
Øvrum E, Am Holen E, Abdelnoor M. Tranexamic acid is not necessary to reduce blood loss after coronary artery bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;105:78-83.
Soslau G, Horrow J, Brodsky I. Effect of tranexamic acid on platelet ADP during extracorporeal circulation. Am J Hematol. 1991;38:113-119.
Casati V, Bellotti F, Gerli C. Tranexamic acid administration after cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:8-14.
Sagripanti A, Sarteschi LM, Camici M. Non-tranfusional haemostatic agents in the management of bleeding disorders. Intern Med. 2001;9:10-18.
Pellegrini A, Giaretta D, Chemello R. Feline generalized epilepsy induced by tranexamic acid. Epilepsia. 1982;23:35-45.
Schlag MG, Hopt R, Redi H. Convulsive seizures following subdural application of fibrin sealant containing tranexamic acid in a rat model. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:1463-1467.
Couto WJ, Gregori F, Cordeiro CO. Emprego do ácido tranexâmico para controle de sangramento em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1994;63:485-487.
Hoylaerts M, Lijnen HR, Col.len D. Studies on the mechanism of the antifibrinolytic action of tranexamic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;18:75-85.
Bennet-Guerrero E, Sorohan JG, Canada AT. epsilon-Aminocaproic acid plasma levels during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:248-251.
Mahdy AM, Webster NR. Perioperative systemic haemostatic agents. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93:842-858.
Maslow A, Schwartz C. Cardiopulmonary bypass-associated coagulopathies and prophylatic therapy. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2004;42:103-133.
Smith PK, Muhlbaier LH. Aprotinin: safe and effective only with the full dose regimen. Ann Thorac Surgery. 1996:621575-1577.
Alderman EL, Levy JH, Rich JB. Analyses of coronary graft patency after aprotinin use; results from the International Multicenter Aprotinin Graft Patency Experience (IMAGE) Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:716-730.
Levi M, Cromheecke EM, Jonge E. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet. 1999;354:1940-1948.
Cosgrove DM 3rd, Heric B, Lytle BW. Aprotinin therapy for reoperative myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1031-1038.
Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM. Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87:94-100.
Shore-Lesserson L, Reich DL, Vela-Cantos F. Tranexamic acid reduces transfusion and mediastinal drainage in repeated cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:18-26.
Santos ATL, Kalil RA, Bauermann C. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study with tranexamic acido f bleeding and fibrinolytic activity after primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39:63-69.
Maia PV, Araújo GZ, Faria MD. Tromboelastógrafo em cirurgia cardíaca: estado atual. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2006;56:78-88.