A importância da pressão pleural na avaliação da mecânica respiratória

Cláudia Regina Fernandes

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942006000300009

Review Article

A importância da pressão pleural na avaliação da mecânica respiratória

Importance of pleural pressure for the evaluation of respiratory mechanics

Cláudia Regina Fernandes

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942006000300009 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.56, n3, p.287-303, 2006

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Para a partição das medidas de mecânica do sistema respiratório em seus componentes pulmão e parede torácica, faz-se necessário o conhecimento da pressão pleural. A finalidade desta revisão foi discutir sobre medidas alternativas à obtenção da pressão pleural para o cálculo da mecânica pulmonar, relatar as peculiaridades do método do balão esofágico para obtenção indireta da pressão pleural, as particularidades da obtenção da medida da pressão esofágica em pacientes sedados ou anestesiados, discorrer sobre a medida direta da pressão pleural e sua correlação com a pressão esofágica, assim como relatar sobre o reflexo da PEEP nas pressões pleural e esofágica. CONTEÚDO: A variação da pressão intra-esofágica reflete a variação da pressão intrapleural, podendo ser usada como medida alternativa à pressão pleural direta, no estudo da mecânica dos componentes pulmão e parede do sistema respiratório. A medida da pressão esofágica pode ser realizada por meio de um delicado balão posicionado no interior do esôfago. O método e a técnica foram observados e validados em seres humanos e animais em diferentes condições e posturas corporais. O emprego da PEEP em pacientes sob ventilação controlada mecânica está consolidado; no entanto, existem controvérsias da correlação próxima entre a pressão esofágica e a pressão pleural em pacientes ventilados com PEEP, o que pode resultar em erros de cálculo de mecânica respiratória considerando a pressão esofágica. CONCLUSÕES: O método do balão esofágico é o mais utilizado para a obtenção da medida indireta da pressão pleural. Em pacientes sedados ou anestesiados sem alterações significativas da complacência respiratória, a variação da pressão esofágica corresponde à variação da pressão pleural quando a PEEP é aplicada.

Palavras-chave

FISIOLOGIA, Pulmonar, FISIOLOGIA, Pulmonar, VENTILAÇÃO

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pleural pressure has to be known for the partitioning of respiratory system mechanical measurements into their lung and chest wall components. This review aimed at discussing alternative methods to obtain pleural pressure to calculate pulmonary mechanics, at reporting peculiarities of the esophageal balloon method for obtaining indirect pleural pressure, peculiarities of esophageal pressure measurement in sedated or anesthetized patients, at discussing direct pleural pressure and its correlation with esophageal pressure, in addition to reporting on the impact of PEEP on pleural and esophageal pressures. CONTENTS: Esophageal pressure variation reflects pleural pressure variation and may be used as alternative to direct pleural pressure in the study of lungs and chest wall mechanics. Esophageal pressure may be obtained with a delicate balloon placed inside the esophagus. Method and technique were observed and validated in humans and animals in different conditions and body positions. PEEP is a consolidated method for patients under mechanically controlled ventilation, however there are controversies about the close correlation between esophageal and pleural pressure in patients ventilated with PEEP, which may result in wrong respiratory mechanics calculation based on the esophageal pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The esophageal balloon is the most common method to obtain indirect pleural pressure. In sedated or anesthetized patients without major respiratory compliance changes, esophageal pressure variation corresponds to pleural pressure variation when PEEP is applied.

Keywords

PHYSIOLOGY, Pulmonar, PHYSIOLOGY, Pulmonar, VENTILATION

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A importância da pressão pleural na avaliação da mecânica respiratória

Importance of pleural pressure for the evaluation of respiratory mechanics

Cláudia Regina Fernandes

Resumo

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