Tromboelastógrafo em cirurgia cardíaca: estado atual

Plínio Vasconcelos Maia; Graciana Zerbini de Araújo; Marcos Daniel de Faria

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942006000100011

Review Article

Tromboelastógrafo em cirurgia cardíaca: estado atual

Thromboelastograph in cardiac surgery: state of the art

Plínio Vasconcelos Maia; Graciana Zerbini de Araújo; Marcos Daniel de Faria

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942006000100011 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.56, n1, p.78-88, 2006

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O manuseio da hemostasia do paciente submetido à circulação extracorpórea (CEC) permanece como um grande desafio. Novos métodos de monitorização, novas drogas hemostáticas e inibidores da função plaquetária vêm sendo incorporados no pré, intra e pós-operatório. A natureza multifatorial dos distúrbios da hemostasia causados pela circulação extracorpórea exige conhecimento da fisiopatologia desses processos e avaliação acurada da hemostasia para anticoagulação eficaz durante a CEC e manutenção de hemostasia adequada após a cirurgia. Tempo de coagulação ativado (TCA) e coagulograma não bastam para esse manuseio. É necessária avaliação mais ampla através de monitores capazes de medir a função plaquetária e a dinâmica do processo hemostático como um todo. CONTEÚDO: A hemostasia é resultado do equilíbrio entre os componentes dos sistemas de coagulação, anticoagulação e fibrinólise. Esse equilíbrio sofre ruptura durante a CEC, tornando o paciente susceptível a sangramento microvascular. A CEC induz alteração no crescimento da força plaquetária e nas propriedades elásticas do coágulo, de etiologia multifatorial. O uso de hemoderivados é constante e surge a necessidade de protocolos para orientar decisões para terapia transfusional. É importante determinar a função plaquetária, através de monitores que medem as propriedades visco-elásticas do coágulo, como tromboelastógrafo (TEG) e Sonoclot. CONCLUSÕES: O tromboelastógrafo é um importante monitor da hemostasia na abordagem dos pacientes submetidos a CEC. Tem sido incorporado com bons resultados nos protocolos de avaliação dos distúrbios hemostáticos e de terapêutica transfusional.

Palavras-chave

CIRURGIA, Cardíaca, MONITORIZAÇÂO

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Management of hemostasis of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) patients is still a major challenge. New monitoring methods, new hemostatic drugs and new platelet function inhibitors are being added to the pre, intra and postoperative periods. The multifactorial nature of CBP-induced hemostasis disorders requires the understanding of their pathophysiology and the accurate hemostasis evaluation for effective coagulation during CPB, in addition to the maintenance of adequate postoperative hemostasis. Activated clotting time (ACT) and coagulogram are not enough for this management. A broader evaluation is needed with monitors able to measure platelet function and hemostatic process dynamics as a whole. CONTENTS: Hemostasis is the result of the balance of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis systems components. This balance is disrupted during CPB making patients susceptible to microvascular bleeding. CPB induces multifactorial changes in platelet force growth and clot elastic properties. Blood products are often used and there is the need for protocols to guide transfusion decisions. It is important to determine platelet function with monitors measuring clot visco-elastic properties, such as thromboleastograph (TEG) and Sonoclot. CONCLUSIONS: Thromboelastograph is an important hemostasis monitor for patients submitted to CPB. It has been incorporated to hemostatic disorders evaluation protocols and transfusion therapy, with good results.

Keywords

MONITORING, SURGERY, Cardiac

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Tromboelastógrafo em cirurgia cardíaca: estado atual

Thromboelastograph in cardiac surgery: state of the art

Plínio Vasconcelos Maia; Graciana Zerbini de Araújo; Marcos Daniel de Faria

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