Prevenção da aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942004000200014

Review Article

Prevenção da aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico

Prevention of pulmonary gastric contents aspiration

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942004000200014 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.54, n2, p.261-275, 2004

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da baixa incidência, a aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico pode ter conseqüências devastadoras para o indivíduo. A diminuição na função do esfíncter esofágico e dos reflexos protetores das vias aéreas causadas pela depressão da consciência, predispõe os pacientes a esta grave complicação. Neste artigo, foi realizada uma revisão dos aspectos fisiológicos associados ao refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como os métodos utilizados para preveni-lo. CONTEÚDO: São feitos comentários sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na aspiração do conteúdo gástrico, suas conseqüências e métodos de prevenção, incluindo recentes guias de jejum pré-operatório elaborados após revisão da literatura, o uso racional de drogas que atuam no pH e volume gástrico e, finalmente, o efeito de diferentes métodos de manutenção da via aérea na prevenção da aspiração pulmonar. CONCLUSÕES: A aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico, apesar de pouco freqüente, exige cuidados especiais para sua prevenção. Guias de jejum pré-operatório elaborados recentemente sugerem períodos menores de jejum, principalmente para líquidos, permitindo mais conforto aos pacientes e menor risco de hipoglicemia e desidratação, sem aumentar a incidência de aspiração pulmonar perioperatória. O uso rotineiro de drogas que diminuem a acidez e volume gástrico parece estar indicado apenas para pacientes de risco. O melhor método de proteção da via aérea contra a aspiração continua sendo a intubação traqueal. Outros métodos de manutenção da via aérea vêm sendo adotados, mas a eficácia na prevenção da aspiração ainda é inferior, embora representem importante alternativa em casos de falha de intubação traqueal.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite its low incidence, aspiration of pulmonary gastric contents may have devastating consequences. Esophageal sphincter function and protective airway reflexes decrease caused by conscience depression, predisposes patients to this severe complication. This article is a review of physiological aspects associated to gastroesophageal reflux, as well as of the methods to prevent it. CONTENTS: Comments are made about the mechanisms involved in gastric contents aspiration, its consequences and preventive methods, including recent preoperative fasting guidelines developed after review of the literature, the reasonable use of drugs acting on gastric pH and volume, and finally the effects of different airway control methods on pulmonary aspiration prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Aspiration of pulmonary gastric contents, despite its low frequency, demands special preventive care. Recently developed preoperative fasting guidelines suggest shorter fasting periods especially for liquids, allowing more comfort to patients and less risk of hypoglycemia and dehydration, without increasing the incidence of perioperative pulmonary aspiration. The routine use of drugs decreasing gastric acidity and volume seems to be indicated only for poor risk patients. The best method to protect airways against aspiration is still tracheal intubation. Other airway control methods have been adopted, but their efficacy in preventing aspiration is lower, although representing major alternatives in cases of intubation failure.

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Referências

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Prevenção da aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico

Prevention of pulmonary gastric contents aspiration

Eduardo Toshiyuki Moro

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