O papel dos bloqueios anestésicos no tratamento da dor de origem cancerosa

Amaury Sanchez Oliveira; Henrique de Paiva Torres

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942003000500013

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O papel dos bloqueios anestésicos no tratamento da dor de origem cancerosa

Anesthetic blocks to treat cancer pain

Amaury Sanchez Oliveira; Henrique de Paiva Torres

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942003000500013 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.53, n5, p.654-662, 2003

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Tradicionalmente os anestesiologistas desenvolveram as técnicas de anestesia regional que hoje dominam. Para participarem do tratamento dos pacientes com dores crônicas, necessitam transferir os conhecimentos adquiridos, além das indicações cirúrgicas, indicando-os no momento correto, tornando-os úteis e eficazes, num atendimento que deve ser multidisciplinar. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar aos anestesiologistas que os bloqueios anestésicos, no tratamento da dor crônica de origem cancerosa, para serem úteis e eficazes, devem ser indicados no momento correto inserindo-os como parte de um tratamento sistêmico, do qual deve-se participar ativamente. CONTEÚDO: O uso correto do protocolo da Organização Mundial da Saúde proporciona diretriz para o controle da dor na maioria dos pacientes com moléstia cancerosa avançada. A eficácia desta abordagem é demonstrada nos seus três primeiros passos, com pequeno número de complicações. Contudo, há pacientes que experimentam efeitos colaterais indesejáveis aos medicamentos opióides sistêmicos e a presença de metástases ósseas e as neuropatias podem determinar efeitos deletéricos nesses pacientes. Técnicas invasivas são raramente indicadas, mas podem resultar em analgesia no tratamento das dores resistentes aos opióides quando usados adequadamente. CONCLUSÕES: Bloqueios com agentes neurolíticos que exigiam alto grau de perícia dos anestesiologistas são as últimas opções de tratamento quando as drogas sistêmicas não mantêm o efeito desejado ou produzem efeitos colaterais de difícil tratamento. Bloqueios anestésicos e injeção de drogas opióides por via subaracnóidea, têm lugar de destaque no tratamento da dor de origem cancerosa e devem ser considerados em situações específicas como parte de um tratamento multidisciplinar.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIA, DOR, DOR

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthesiologists have traditionally developed and mastered regional anesthetic techniques over the years. To help treating chronic pain, they need to transfer acquired know-how in addition to surgical indications, recommending procedures at the right time in a multidisciplinary approach. This research aimed at showing anesthesiologists that for anesthetic blocks to be useful and effective in treating chronic cancer pain, they have to be indicated in a timely manner, as part of a systemic approach where they need to play an active role. CONTENTS: WHO guidelines provide adequate pain control to most patients with advanced cancer disease. Its first three steps confirm the efficacy of this approach, with a low incidence of complications. There are however patients who experience undesirable side effects of systemic opioids, and the presence of bone metastases and neuropathies may determine noxious effects on those patients. Invasive techniques are seldom indicated, but they may provide analgesia in the treatment of opioid-resistant pain when adequately indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Neurolytic agent blocks, which require anesthesiologist skills, are the last treatment options when systemic drugs are unable to maintain desired effects or produce untreatable side effects. Anesthetic blocks and spinal opioids play an important role in the treatment of cancer pain and should be considered in specific situations as part of a multidisciplinary approach.

Keywords

ANESTHESIA, PAIN, PAIN

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O papel dos bloqueios anestésicos no tratamento da dor de origem cancerosa

Anesthetic blocks to treat cancer pain

Amaury Sanchez Oliveira; Henrique de Paiva Torres

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