Bases teóricas para a implementação do aprendizado orientado por problemas na residência médica em anestesiologia

Getúlio Rodrigues de Oliveira Filho

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942003000200015

Artigo Especial

Bases teóricas para a implementação do aprendizado orientado por problemas na residência médica em anestesiologia

Theoretical basis for the implementation of problem-oriented learning in anesthesiology residency programs

Getúlio Rodrigues de Oliveira Filho

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942003000200015 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.53, n2, p.286-299, 2003

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Resumo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O Aprendizado Orientado por Problemas (AOP) é um método de ensino cujo objetivo primário é a acumulação de conceitos médicos no contexto de problemas clínicos, que tem sido largamente empregado na graduação médica desde os anos sessenta. O AOP é baseado na teoria do processamento de informação, segundo a qual, a aquisição de novos conhecimentos é facilitada pela ativação de conhecimentos preexistentes sobre o assunto, pela similaridade entre os contextos de aprendizado e aplicação do conhecimento e pela elaboração da informação. Outras teorias têm sido utilizadas para justificar o uso do método AOP no ensino de estudantes de Medicina e em outras áreas. O método AOP utiliza os conceitos aplicados ao aprendizado de adultos, os quais se aplicam aos episódios de aprendizado de médicos. CONTEÚDO: Este artigo descreve o método AOP, suas bases teóricas e psicológicas, o papel de instrutores e estudantes no processo e sugestões quanto à sua implementação. CONCLUSÕES: Comparado ao ensino tradicional, o AOP tem como principais vantagens a maior satisfação dos estudantes e instrutores, a maior diversificação das fontes de consulta e busca de conhecimento e o maior tempo despendido no estudo individual. Uma vez que o método não apresenta desvantagens, comparado ao método tradicional, ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa válida para o ensino da Anestesiologia na Residência Médica.

Palavras-chave

ANESTESIOLOGIA, ANESTESIOLOGIA

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Problem-oriented learning (POL) is a teaching method the primary objective of which is the accumulation of medical concepts in the context of clinical problems, and which has been widely used in medical graduation since the 60s. POL is based on the information processing theory where acquisition of new knowledge is made easier by activating preexisting knowledge about the subject, by the similarity between learning contexts and knowledge application and by information improvement. Other theories have been evoked to justify POL method in Medical teaching and in other areas. The POL method uses adult teaching concepts applied to medical learning episodes. CONTENTS: This article describes the POL method, its theoretical and psychological basis, the role of professors and students in the process and suggestions for its implementation. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to traditional methods, POL has as major advantages a higher level of students and professors satisfaction, a wider source of queries and search for knowledge and more time spent with individual learning. Since the method has no disadvantages as compared to traditional methods, it could be considered a valid alternative for teaching Anesthesiology in Medical Residency Programs.

Keywords

ANESTHESIOLOGY, ANESTHESIOLOGY

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Bases teóricas para a implementação do aprendizado orientado por problemas na residência médica em anestesiologia

Theoretical basis for the implementation of problem-oriented learning in anesthesiology residency programs

Getúlio Rodrigues de Oliveira Filho

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