Uso de dexmedetomidina em anestesiologia

Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela; Paulo do Nascimento Júnior

doi:10.1590/S0034-70942003000100013

Review Article

Uso de dexmedetomidina em anestesiologia

Dexmedetomidine in anesthesiology

Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela; Paulo do Nascimento Júnior

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942003000100013 Braz J Anesthesiol, vol.53, n1, p.97-113, 2003

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dexmedetomidina é um novo agonista alfa2-adrenérgico que apresenta relação de seletividade entre os receptores alfa2:alfa1 de 1600:1, com importante ação sedativa e analgésica, bom controle hemodinâmico frente ao estresse e que pode produzir, por si só, anestesia. Este agente tem sido empregado para promover analgesia e sedação no período pós-operatório e nas unidades de tratamento intensivo. Devido à suas propriedades, recentemente, a dexmedetomidina passou a ser utilizada também na sala de operações, como fármaco coadjuvante em anestesia. Assim, este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura com relação ao uso da dexmedetomidina na prática anestésica. CONTEÚDO: São apresentados os principais trabalhos com o emprego da dexmedetomidina em Anestesiologia, seja como medicação pré-anestésica, ou durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico. O mecanismo de ação dos fármacos alfa2-agonistas e as propriedades farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas da dexmedetomidina também são revistos neste artigo. CONCLUSÕES: O uso da dexmedetomidina como medicação pré-anestésica, durante anestesia, ou no período pós-operatório, promove boa estabilidade hemodinâmica. Há redução do consumo de anestésicos durante a anestesia. Os pacientes sedados com a dexmedetomidina podem ser despertados, quando solicitados, e tornarem-se cooperativos. Mesmo doses elevadas do fármaco não provocam depressão respiratória. Bradicardia é um efeito adverso observado com freqüência, problema amenizado pela administração lenta da droga. Assim, a dexmedetomidina torna-se importante recurso adicional para a prática clínica da Anestesiologia, com possibilidade de uso em diversos tipos de pacientes e procedimentos cirúrgicos.

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ANALGÉSICOS

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dexmedetomidine is a new alpha2-adrenergic agonist with a selectivity ratio of 1600:1 (alpha2:alpha1). It has important sedative and analgesic effects, good hemodynamic control at stress situations and may, by itself, induce anesthesia. This drug has been used to promote postoperative and intensive care sedation and analgesia. Due to such properties, dexmedetomidine has recently become a co adjuvant drug for anesthesia. So, this is a review of the literature about dexmedetomidine in anesthesia. CONTENTS: Major studies on dexmedetomidine in Anesthesiology are presented, both as premedication and during anesthesia. Action mechanisms of alpha2-adrenergic agonists and dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are also reviewed in this paper. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine premedication, infusion during anesthesia or in the postoperative period improves hemodynamic stability. Anesthetic consumption is decreased during anesthesia. Patients sedated with dexmedetomidine may awake, when requested and become cooperative. Even high dexmedetomidine doses do not cause respiratory depression. Bradycardia is a frequent side effect which may be minimized by slow drug infusion. So, dexmedetomidine is an important additional resource to anesthetic practice that may be used in different patients and surgical procedures.

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ANALGESICS

References

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Uso de dexmedetomidina em anestesiologia

Dexmedetomidine in anesthesiology

Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela; Paulo do Nascimento Júnior

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