Dougherty P, Staats P. Intrathecal drug therapy for chronic pain: rom basic science to clinical practice. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:1891-2026.

Mark CR. Princípios e Prática de Anestesiologia. 1996:1060-1073.

José Jr OO. Opiáceos: O Estado D’arte. 2001:17-18.

Alan NS. Clínica Cirúrgica da América do Norte: Controle da Dor no Período Perioperatório. 1999;79:233-250.

Renê C. Dor Mecanismos e Tratamento. 1999:103-112.

Shertter Ag, Hadley MN, Wilkinson E. Administration of intraspinal morphine sulfate for the treatment of intractable cancer pain. Neurosurgery. 1986;18:740-747.

Auld AW, Maki-Jokela A, Murdoh DM. Intraspinal narcotic analgesia in the treatment of chronic pain. Spine. 1985;10:777-781.

Krames ES, Gershow J, Glassberg A. Continuos infusion of spinally administered narcotics for the relief of pain due to malignant disorders. Cancer. 1985;56:696-702.

Houweling Pl, Ionescu TI, Braams R. Hormonal and pharmacokinetics after intradural (spinal) morphine and general anaesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery. Clinical Drug Investigation. 1999;17:1173-2563.

Young ER, Mackenzie TA. The pharmacology of local anesthetics: A review of the literature. J. Can Dent Assoc. 1992;58:34-42.

Maves TJ, Gebhart GF. Antinociceptive synergy between intrathecal morphine and lidocaine during visceral and somatic nociception in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:91-99.

Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Shafer SL. Prolonged alleviation of tactile allodynia by intravenous lidocaine in neuropathic rats. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:775-785.

Lou L, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Effects of intrathecal local anesthetics on spinal excitability and on the development of autonomy. Pain. 1995;63:173-179.

Barash . Refresher Course in Anesthesiology. JB Lippincott Company. 1993;21:241-254.

Covino BG. General considerations, toxicity and complications of local anesthesia in nimmo. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1990;11:1033-1034.

Stoetting RK. Local Anesthetic. 1987:148-168.

Backonja MM. Adjuvant analgesic in pain management: iii local anesthetics as adjuvant analgesics. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;9:491-499.

Tamsen A, Gordh T. Epidural clonidine produces analgesia. Lancet. 1984;2:231-232.

Bonnet F, Boico O, Rostaing S. Clonidine-induced analgesia analgesia in postoperative patients: epidural versus intramuscular administration. Anesthesiology. 1990;72:423-427.

Filos KS, Goudas LC, Patroni O. Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:267-274.

De Kock M, Crochet B, Morimont C. Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra and postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:525-531.

James CE, Marc DK, Walter K. Alphalpha2-adrenergic agonist for regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:655-674.

Eisenach JC, Hood DD, Curry R. Relative potency of epidural to intrathecal clonidine differs between acute thermal pain and capsaicin-induced allodynia. Pain. 2000;84:57-64.

Liu N. Partial reversal of the effects of extradural clonidine by oral yohimbine in postoperative patients. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70:515-518.

Gordh Jr T, Jansson I, Hartoig P. Interaction between noradrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms involved in spinal nociceptive processing. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1989;33:39-47.

Hood DD, Eisenach JC, Tuttle R. The analgesic interaction between intrathecal neostigmina and epidural clonidine in humans. Anesthesiology. 1985;5:2359-2364.

Hood DD, Mallak KA, Eisenach JC. Interaction between intrathecal neostigmina and epidural clonidine in humans volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:315-325.

Klimscha W, Tong C, Tommasi E. Intrathecal clonidine and dexmedetomidine stimulate acetylcholine release from spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep: an in vivo microdialysis study. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:A793.

Detweiler DJ, Eisenach JC, Tong C. A cholinergic interaction in alpha 2 adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in sheep. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;265:536-542.

Chiari A, Eisenach JC. Spinal anaesthesia: mechanisms, agents, methods, and safety. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:357-362.

Dahlstrom A, Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system: II. Experimentalmentally induced changes in the intra-neural amine levels of bulbospinalneuron systems. Acta Physiol Scand. 1965;64:1-36.

Dekock M, Gautier PE, Lavand’hommem P. Intrathecal ropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy: a dose response study. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:710-717.

Rauck RL, Eisenach JC, Jackson K. Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology. 1996;94:873-881.

Staats PS, Mitchell VD. Progress in anesthesiology: Future directions for intrathecal therapies. Interv Pain Manag. 2000:1-27.

Melzack R, Wall PD. Textbook of Pain. 1994:1025-1033.

Cotman CW, Monaghan DT. Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission: NMDA receptors and Hebb-type synaptic plasticity. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1988;11:61-80.

Champman V, Dickenson AH. The combination of NMDA antagonism and morphine produces profound antinociception in the rat dorsal horn. Brain Res. 1992;573:321-323.

Ma QP, Woolf C. Noxious stimuli induce an N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor dependent hypersensitivity of the flexion withdrawal reflex to touch: implications for the treatment of mechanical allodynia. Pain. 1995;61:383-390.

Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL. Spinal pharmacology of thermal hyperesthesia induced by constriction injury of sciatic nerve: Excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain. 1992;49:121-128.

Yang CY, Wong CS. Intrathecal ketamine reduces morphine requirements in patients with terminal cancer pain. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43:379-383.

Raeder JC, Stenseth LB. Ketamine: a new lock at an old drug. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 2000;13:463-468.

Aprison MH, Shank RP, Davidoff RA. A comparison of the concentration of glycine, a transmitter suspect, in different areas of the brain and spinal cord in seven different vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1969;28:1345-1355.

Rizzoli AA. Distribution of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine in six areas os cat spinal cord before and after transection. Brain Res. 1968;11:11-18.

Bowery N. GABAb receptors and their significance in mammalian pharmacology. Trens Pharmacol Sci. 1989;10:401-406.

Johnston GAR. GABAa receptor pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther. 1996;69:173-178.

Rabow LE, Russek SJ, Farb DH. From ion currents to genomic analysis: recent advances in GABAa receptor research. Synapse. 1995;21:189-274.

Monaghan DT, Olverman HJ, Nguyen L. Two classes of N-methyl-D-aspartate recognition sites: differential distribution and differential regulation by glycine. Proc Natl Acad sci USA. 1988;85:9836-9840.

Serrao JM, Marks RL, Morley SJ. Intrathecal midazolam for the treatment os cronic mechanical back pain; a controlled comparison with epidural steroid in a pilot study. Pain. 1992;48:5-12.

Borg PA, Krijnen HJ. Long-term intrathecal administration of midazolam and clonidine. Clin J Pain. 1996;12:63-68.

Valentine JM, Lyons G, Bellamy MC. The effect of intrathecal midazolam on post-operative pain. European J Anesth. 1996;13:589-593.

Taira T, Tanikama H, Iseki H. Spinal intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain after a stroke. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:381-382.

Herman RM, D’luzansky SC, Ippolito R. Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions. Clin J Pain. 1992;8:338-345.

Albright AL, Ceervi A, Singletary J. - Intrathecal baclofen for epasticity in cerebral palsy. JAMA. 1991;265:1418-1422.

Penn RD. Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity of spinal origin: seven years of experience. J Neurosurg. 1992;6:115-118.

Parke B, Penn RD, Savoy SM. Functional outcome after delivery of intrathecal baclofen. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:30-32.

Satoh O, Omote K. Roles of monoaminergic, glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory systems in the spinal cord in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 1996;728:27-36.

Eisenach JC, Hood DD, Tuttle R. Phase 1 safety assessment of intrathecal neostigmina metyl sulfate in humans. Anesthesio- logy. 1995;82:331-343.

Abram SE, Winnie RP. Intratecal acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors produce analgesia that is synergistic with morphine and clonidine in rats. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:501-507.

Chiari A, Eisenach JC. Spinal anaesthesia: Mechanisms, agents, methods, and safety. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:357-362.

Liu SS, Hodgson PS, Moore JM. Dose-response effects of spinal neostigmina added to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:710-717.

Eisenach JC, Hood DD, Curry R. Phase I human safety assessment of intrathecal neostigmina containing methyl- and propylparabens. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:842-846.

Pan HL, Song HK, Eisenach JC. Effects of intrathecal neostigmina, bupivacaine, and their combination on sympathetic nerve activity in rats. Anesthesiology. 1998;83:842-846.

Gordh Jr T, Jansson I, Hartvig P. A colinergic interaction in alpha2 adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:793-795.

Lauretti GR, Reis MP. Subarachnoid neostigmina does not affect blood pressure or heart rate during bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth. 1996;21:586-591.

Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL. Effect of continous intrathecal infusion of 2-conapeptides, N-type calcium-channel blockers, on behavior and antinociception in the formalin and hot-plate test in rats. Pain. 1995.

Omote K, Sonoda H. Potentiation of antinociceptive effects of morphine by calcium-channel blockers at teh level of the spinal cord. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:746-752.

Karlsten R, Gordh T, Post C. Local antinociceptive and hyperalgesic effects in the formalin test after periferical administration of adenosine analogues in mice. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;70:434-438.

Basbaum AL. Descending control of pain transmission: possible serotonergic-enkephalinergic interactions. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 1981;133:177-189.

Basbaum AI, Fields HL. Endogenous pain control mechanisms: review and hypothesis. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:451-454.

Stamford JA. Descending control of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75:217-227.

Mjellem N, Lund A, Hole K. Different functions of spinal 5-HT 1 A and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes in modulating behavior induced by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in mice. Brain Research. 1993;626:78-82.

Fozard JR. The enigma variations. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1987;8:501-506.

Richardson BP, Engel G, Danatsch . Identification os serotonin M-receptor subtypes and their specific blockade by a new class of drugs. Nature. 1985;31:316-326.

Boireau A, Bordier F, Durand G. The antidepressant metapramine is a low-affinity antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors. Neuropharmacology. 1996;35:1703-1707.

Watanabe Y, Saito H, Abe K. Tricyclic antidepressants block NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic rsponse and induction of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. Neuropharmacology. 1993;32:479-486.

Eisenach JC, Gebhart GF. Intrathecal amitriptyline acts as an N-Metil-D-Aspartate receptor antagonis in the presence of inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:1046-1054.

Malberg AB, Yaksh TL. Pharmacology of the spinal action of ketorolac, morphine, ST-91, U504488H and L-PIA on the formalin test and an isobolographic analysis of the NSAID interaction. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:270-281.

Choi Y, Raja SN, Moore LC. Neuropathic pain in rats is associated with altered nitric oxide synthase activity in neural tissue. J Neurol Sci. 1996;138:14-20.

Yaksh TL, Malmberg AB. Spinal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition blocks NMDA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and produces antinociception in the formalin test in rats. Pain. 1993;54:291-300.

Omoigui S. The Pain Drugs Handbook. 1994:173-262; 296; 302;431.