Djokovic Jl, Hedley-Whyte J. Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80. JAMA. 1979:242.

Mohr DN. Estimation of surgical risk in the elderly: a correlative review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983;31:99-102.

Zaugg M, Lucchinetti E. Respiratory function in the elderly. Anesth Clin North America. 2000;18:47-58.

Muller N, Volgyesi G, Becker L. Diaphragmatic muscle tone. J Appl Physiol. 1979;47:279-284.

Froese AB, Bryan AC. Effects of anesthesia and paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man. Anesthesiology. 1979;41:242-255.

Don H. The mechanical properties of the respiratory system during anesthesia. Int Anesth Clin. 1977;15:113-136.

Rehder K, Sessler AD, Marsh HM. General anesthesia and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975;112:541-563.

Dueck R. Gas exchange. Int Anesth Clin. 1984;22:13-28.

Wahba WM. Influence of aging on lung function: Clinical significance of changes from ages twenty. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:764-776.

Sykes MK, Lohn L, Seed RF. The effect of inhalational anaesthetics on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular resistance in the perfused lung of the dog and cat. Br J Anaesth. 1972;44:776-788.

Isawa T, Teshima T, Hirano T. Regulation of regional perfusion distribution in the lungs: effect of regional oxygen concentration. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118:55-56.

Fletcher R. Smoking, age, and the arterial-end-tidal PCO2 difference during anaesthesia and controlled ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1987;31:355-356.

Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Coleman ML. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med. 1981;70:677-680.

McPeek B, Gasko M, Mosteller F. Measuring outcome from anesthesia and operation. Theor Surg. 1986;1:2-9.

Pflug AE, Murphy TM, Butter SH. The effects of postoperative peridural analgesia on pulmonary therapy and pulmonary complications. Anesthesiology. 1974;41:8-17.

Glynn CJ, Mather LE, Cousins MJ. Spinal narcotics and respiratory depression. Lancet II. 1979:356-357.

Gerson MC, Hurst JM, Hertzberg VS. Prediction of cardiac and pulmonary complications related to elective abdominal and noncardiac thoracic surgery in geriatric patients. Am J Med. 1990;88:101-107.

Sparrow D, O’connor GT, Rosner B. The influence of age and level of pulmonary function on nonspecific airway responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:978-982.

Pontoppidan H, Beecher HK. Progressive loss of protective reflexes in the airway with the advance of age. JAMA. 1960;174:2209-2213.

Manawadu BR, LaForce FM. Impairment of pulmonary antibacterial defense mechanisms by halothane anesthesia. Chest. 1979;75(^sSuppl):242-243.

Smith IM. Infections in the elderly. Hosp Pract. 1982;17:69-77.

Lee-Chiong Jr TL, Matthay RA. Lung cancer in the elderly patient. Clin Chest Med. 1993;14:453-478.

Guinard JP, Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R. A randomized comparison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:1108-1115.

Fratacci MD, Kimball WR, Wain JC. Diaphragmatic shortening after thoracic surgery in humans: effects of mechanical ventilation and thoracic epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:654-665.

Ford GT, Rosenal TW, Chergue F. Respiratory physiology in upper abdominal surgery. Clin Chest Med. 1993;14:237-252.

Auler Jr JOC, Zin WA, Caldeira MPR. Pre and postoperative inspiratory mechanics in ischemic and valvular heart disease. Chest. 1987;92:984-990.

Spicher J, White D. Outcome and function following prolonged mechanical ventilation. Arch Intern Med. 1987;174:421-425.

Shapiro N, Zabatino SM, Ahmed S. Determinants of pulmonary function in patients undergoing coronary bypass operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;50:268-273.

Pontoppidan H, Geffin B, Lowenstein E. Acute respiratory failure in the adult. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:690-698.

Bolton JW, Weiman DS, Haynes JL. Stair climbing as an indicator of pulmonary function. Chest. 1987;92:783-788.

Olsen GN, Bolton JW, Weiman DS. Stair climbing as an exercise test to predict the postoperative complications of lung resection: Two years’ experience. Chest. 1991;99:587-590.

Wood CD, Glover J, McCune M. The effect of intravenous nutrition on muscle mass and exercise capacity in perioperative patients. Am J Surg. 1989;158:63-67.

Beaty TH, Newill CA, Cohen BH. Effects of pulmonary function on mortality. J Chron Dis. 1985;38:703-710.

Allen SJ. Respiratory considerations in the elderly surgical patient. Clin Anesthesiol. 1986;4:899-930.

Rich MW, Keller AJ, Schechtman KB. Morbidity and mortality of cardiac bypass surgery in patients 75 of age or older. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;46:638-644.

Dales RE, Dionne G, Leech JA. Preoperative prediction of pulmonary complications following thoracic surgery. Chest. 1993;104:155-159.

Forrest JB, Rehder K, Cahalan MK. Multicenter study of general anesthesia: III. Predictors of severe perioperative adverse outcomes. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:3-15.

Rigg JRA, Jones NL. Clinical assessment of respiratory function. Br J Anaesth. 1978;50:3-13.

Zibrak JD, O’ Donnell CR, Marton K. Indications for pulmonary function testing. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:763-771.

Gupta SD, Gibbins FJ, Sem I. Routine chest radiography in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1985;14:11-14.

Wahi R, McMurtrey MJ, DeCaro LF. Determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality after pneumectomia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;48:33-37.

Kearney DJ, Lee TH, Reilly JJ. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection: Importance of predicted pulmonary function. Chest. 1994;105:753-759.

Keagy BA, Pharr WF, Bowes DE. A review of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Am Surg. 1984;50:213-216.

Keeling P, Gillen P, Hennessy TP. Esophageal resection in the elderly. Ann R Coll Surg. 1988;70:34-37.

Osterberg T, Era P, Gause-Nilson I. Dental state and functional capacity in 75-year-olds three Nordic localities. J Oral Rehabil. 1995;22:653-660.

Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I. The senile lung: comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs 2: Functional aspects. Chest. 1992;101:800-809.

Carvalhaes-Neto N, Lorino H, Gallinari C. Cognitive function and assessment of lung function in the elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1611-1615.

Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM. Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:422-434.

Hirshman CA, Edelstein G, Peetz S. Mechanism of action of inhalational anesthesia on airways. Anesthesiology. 1982;56:107-111.

Coon RL, Kampine JP. Hypocapnic bronchoconstriction and inhalation anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1975;43:635-641.

Gyetko MR, Toews GB. Immunology of the aging lung. Clin Chest Med. 1993;14:379-391.

Taeger K, Weninger F, Schmelzer F. Pulmonary kinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 1988;61:425-434.

Yasuda I, Hirano T, Yusa T. Tracheal constriction by morphine and fentanyl in man. Anesthesiology. 1978;19:117-119.

Ruiz Neto PP, Auler Jr JOC. Respiratory mechanical properties during fentanyl and alfentanil anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1992;39:458-465.

Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Nuutinen LS. A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:790-795.

Mangano DT, Layung EL, Wallace A. Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1713-1720.

Shulman M, Sandler NA, Bradley JW. Postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology. 1984;61:569-575.

Varrassi G, Celleno P, Capogna G. Ventilatory effects of subarachnoid fentanyl in the elderly. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:558-562.

Sharrock NE, Cazan MG, Hargett MJ. Changes in mortality after total hip and knee arthroplasty over a tem year period. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:242-248.

Sandler NA, Stringer D, Panos L. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for posthoracotomy pain relief: analgesic, pharmacokinetic, and respiratory effects. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:626-634.

Munoz HR, Dagnino JA, Rufs JA. Benzodiazepine premedication causes hypoxemia during spinal anesthesia in geriatric patients. Reg Anesth. 1992;17:139-142.

Salvatore AJ, Sullivan SF, Papper EM. Postoperative hypoventilation and hypoxemia in man after hyperventilation. N Engl J Med. 1969;280:467-470.

Bailey PL, Pace NL, Ashbum MA. Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:826-830.

Reeder MK, Goldman MD, Loh L. Postoperative hypoxemia after major abdominal vascular surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1992;68:23-26.

Arunasalam K, Davenport HT, Painter S. Ventilatory response to morphine in young and old subjects. Anaesthesia. 1983;38:529-533.

Egbert AM, Parks LH, Short LM. Randomized trial of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia vs intramuscular narcotics in frail elderly men. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1897-1903.