1. Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J. Perioperative oral carbohydrate therapy in elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(8):CD009161.

2. Kanaya A, Nakahira J, Kanda N, Fujiwara Y, Niimi Y. The impact of intraoperative blood glucose on postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg. 2019;128:479−86.

3. Oh AR, Lee DY, Lee S, et al. Association between Preoperative Glucose Dysregulation and Delirium after Non-Cardiac Surgery. J Clin Med. 2024;13:932.

4. Andersson H, Frykholm P, Gilja OH, Stenqvist O, Olsson C. Gastric emptying of carbohydrate drinks in children: a randomized controlled MRI study. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:603−10.

5. Aouad MT, Yazbeck-Karam VG, Nasr VG, El-Khatib MF, Kanazi GE, Bleik JH. A single dose of propofol at the end of surgery for the prevention of emergence agitation in children undergoing strabismus surgery during sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:733−8.

6. Lin Y, Shen W, Liu Y, et al. Visual preconditioning reduces emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anesth. 2018;121:476−82.

7. Splinter WM, Stewart JA, Muir JG. Large volumes of apple juice preoperatively do not affect gastric pH and volume in children. Can J Anesth. 1990;37:36−9.

8. Zamora CC, Peralta LAC, Navaocampo AA. Randomized trial comparing overnight preoperative fasting period vs oral administration of apple juice at 06:00−06:30 AM in pediatric orthopaedic surgical patients. Pediatr Anesth. 2005;15:638−42.