1. Ruggeberg A, Meybohm P, Nickel EA. Preoperative fasting and € the risk of pulmonary aspiration-a narrative review of historical concepts, physiological effects, and new perspectives. BJA Open. 2024;10:100282.

2. Roberts RB, Shirley MA. Reducing the risk of acid aspiration during cesarean section. Anesth Analg. 1974;53:859−68.

3. Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: carbohydrate-containing clear liquids with or without protein, chewing gum, and pediatric fasting duration-a modular update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology. 2023;138:132−51.

4. Andersson H, Zaren B, Frykholm P. Low incidence of pulmonary aspiration in children allowed intake of clear fluids until called to the operating suite. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25:770−7.

5. Cho EA, Huh J, Lee SH, et al. Gastric ultrasound assessing gastric emptying of preoperative carbohydrate drinks: a randomized controlled noninferiority study. Anesth Analg. 2021;133:690−7.

6. Zhou L, Yang Y, Yang L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound defines gastric content in elective surgical patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19:179.

7. Fujino E, Cobb KW, Schoenherr J, Gouker L, Lund E. Anesthesia considerations for a patient on semaglutide and delayed gastric emptying. Cureus. 2023;15:e42153.

8. Jensterle M, Rizzo M, Haluzík M, Janez A. Efficacy of GLP-1 RA approved for weight management in patients with or without diabetes: a narrative review. Adv Ther. 2022;39:2452−67.

9. Hulst AH, Visscher MJ, Godfried MB, et al. Liraglutide for perioperative management of hyperglycaemia in cardiac surgery patients: a multicentre randomized superiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:557−65.

10. Halawi H, Khemani D, Eckert D, et al. Effects of liraglutide on weight, satiation, and gastric functions in obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:890−9.

11. Jensterle M, Ferjan S, Lezaic L, et al. Semaglutide delays 4-hour gastric emptying in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:975−84.

12. Kalas MA, Galura GM, McCallum RW. Medication-induced gastroparesis: a case report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2021;9:23247096211051919.

13. Kobori T, Onishi Y, Yoshida Y, et al. Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment with gastric residue in an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. J Diabetes Investig. 2023;14: 767−73.

14. Silveira SQ, da Silva LM, de Campos Vieira Abib A, et al. Relationship between perioperative semaglutide use and residual gastric content: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing elective upper endoscopy. J Clin Anesth. 2023;87:111091.

15. Jalleh RJ, Jones KL, Rayner CK, Marathe CS, Wu T, Horowitz M. Normal and disordered gastric emptying in diabetes: recent insights into (patho)physiology, management and impact on glycaemic control. Diabetologia. 2022;65(12):1981−93.

16. van Zuylen ML, Siegelaar SE, Plummer MP, Deane AM, Hermanides J, Hulst AH. Perioperative management of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: concerns for delayed gastric emptying and pulmonary aspiration. Br J Anaesth. 2024;132:644−8.

17. Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients (adults and children) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: American Society of Anesthesiologists; 2023, updated June 29, 2023; cited 2024 June 14, 2024. Available from: https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2023/06/american-society-of-anesthesiologists-consensus-based-guidance-on-preoperative.

18. Marino EC, Negretto L, Ribeiro RS, Momesso D, Alina C. R F. Rastreio e Controle da Hiperglicemia no Perioperatorio. Diretriz Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes: Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes; 2023 updated Aug 17, 2023; cited 2024 June 14, 2024. Available from: https://diretriz.diabetes.org.br/rastreio-e-controle-da-hiperglicemia-no-perioperatorio/#citacao

19. Crowley K, Scanaill P, Hermanides J, Buggy DJ. Current practice in the perioperative management of patients with diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2023;131:242−52.

20. Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Ref: Orientac¸ ao Ozem- ~ pic - C.SBA 2055/23. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia; 2023. [updated July 4, 2023; cited 2024 June 14, 2024]. Available from https://www.sbahq.org/wp-content/ uploads/2024/03/C2055_23-3-2.pdf.

21. Jones PM, Hobai IA, Murphy PM. Anesthesia and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: proceed with caution!. Can J Anaesth. 2023;70:1281−6.

22. Klein SR, Hobai IA. Semaglutide, delayed gastric emptying, and intraoperative pulmonary aspiration: a case report. Can J Anaesth. 2023;70:1394−6.

23. Sen S, Potnuru PP, Hernandez N, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and residual gastric content before anesthesia. JAMA Surg. 2024;159:660−7.

24. Zhao X, Wang M, Wen Z, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists: beyond their pancreatic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12: 721135.

25. Alhiary R, Kesselheim AS, Gabriele S, Beall RF, Tu SS, Feldman WB. Patents and regulatory exclusivities on GLP-1 receptor agonists. Jama. 2023;330:650−7.

26. Hulst AH, Polderman JAW, Siegelaar SE, et al. Preoperative considerations of new long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126: 567−71.

27. Willson CM, Patel L, Middleton P, Desai M. Glucagon-like peptide1 agonists and general anesthesia: perioperative considerations and the utility of gastric ultrasound. Cureus. 2024;16:e58042.

28. Jacofsky DJ, Springer BD, Mont MA, Ushakumari DS, Sladen RN. The impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists on hip and knee arthroplasty and perioperative considerations. J Arthroplasty. 2024;39:1455−8.

29. Rogers Jr. SO, Zinner MJ. The role of perioperative hyperglycemia in postoperative infections. Adv Surg. 2009;43:103−9.

30. Baldawi M, Ghaleb N, McKelvey G, Ismaeil YM, Saasouh W. Preoperative ultrasound assessment of gastric content in patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis based on a systematic review of the current literature. J Clin Anesth. 2024;93:111365.