The impact of introducing a videolaryngoscope in the initial training of laryngoscopy for undergraduate medical students: a simulation randomized trial
O impacto da introdução do videolaringoscópio no treinamento inicial em laringoscopia de estudantes de graduação em medicina: um estudo randomizado de simulação
Mauricio Luiz Malito, Ligia Andrade da Silva Telles Mathias, Aldemar Kimura Junior, Guilherme Haelvoet Correa, Vitor Ramalho Bardauil
Abstract
Introduction
Adequate and continuous airway management by health professionals is fundamental to ensure patient safety and protection. Among several techniques, laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation is considered a basic skill, so it is taught and learned in medical school and used during the future years of professional practice. However, in some clinical scenarios, physical and anatomical characteristics can make laryngoscopy exceedingly difficult. In the last decade, some new devices have emerged to apply indirect or video-assisted imaging systems, so-called videolaryngoscopes. They have shown great efficiency in difficult intubation cases and have improved teaching and training. Our study introduced a videolaryngoscope, the McGrathTM MAC, in the regular laryngoscopy training rotation for 3rd-year undergraduate medical students and evaluated whether there was any associated optimization of the students’ performance.
Method
Students from two different classes and years (2017 and 2018) were randomly divided into two groups and received theoretical and practical training in the techniques of Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) and Videolaryngoscopy (VL). The students in each group applied the manoeuvres and simulated three tracheal intubation attempts on mannequins. They were evaluated for their success rate on the first attempt, the time required to finalize the intubation, and the visualization of the glottic structures according to the classification of Cormack-Lehane (C&L).
Results
Two hundred and four students with an average age of 21 ± 2 years participated in the study; the groups were similar. There was a significant difference between the VL and DL groups in the 1st attempt success rate (97% and 89.4%, respectively, p = 0.0497 – 95% CI), but such a difference was not seen for the other attempts or regarding the number of oesophageal intubations (3% and 7.7%). The students in the VL group were faster than those in the DL group in all intubation attempts; in parallel, the vast majority of the VL group reported excellent visualization conditions, with 75% of the attempts classified as Cormack-Lehane grade 1.
Conclusion
The introduction of a videolaryngoscope in medical students’ training improved the visualization of anatomical structures and allowed tracheal intubation manoeuvres to be performed faster and with a higher success rate on the first attempt. Thus, under the conditions of this prospective study, the videolaryngoscope had a positive impact on training and proved to be a promising tool for teaching laryngoscopy.
Keywords
Resumo
Introdução
O manejo adequado e contínuo das vias aéreas pelos profissionais de saúde é fundamental para garantir a segurança e proteção do paciente. Dentre várias técnicas, a laringoscopia para intubação orotraqueal é considerada uma habilidade básica, por isso é ensinada e aprendida na faculdade de medicina e utilizada nos próximos anos de prática profissional. No entanto, em alguns cenários clínicos, as características físicas e anatômicas podem tornar a laringoscopia extremamente difícil. Na última década, surgiram alguns novos dispositivos para aplicação de sistemas de imagem indiretos ou videoassistidos, os chamados videolaringoscópios. Eles demonstraram grande eficiência em casos difíceis de intubação e melhoraram o ensino e o treinamento. Nosso estudo introduziu um videolaringoscópio, o McGrath™ MAC, no rodízio regular de treinamento em laringoscopia para estudantes de medicina do 3º ano e avaliou se havia alguma otimização associada do desempenho dos alunos.
Método
Alunos de duas turmas e anos diferentes (2017 e 2018) foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos e receberam treinamento teórico e prático nas técnicas de Laringoscopia Direta (LD) e Videolaringoscopia (VL). Os alunos de cada grupo aplicaram as manobras e simularam três tentativas de intubação traqueal em manequins. Eles foram avaliados quanto à taxa de sucesso na primeira tentativa, o tempo necessário para finalizar a intubação e a visualização das estruturas glóticas de acordo com a classificação de Cormack-Lehane (C&L).
Resultados
Participaram do estudo 204 estudantes com idade média de 21 ± 2 anos; os grupos eram semelhantes. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos VL e DL na taxa de sucesso da 1ª tentativa (97% e 89,4%, respectivamente, p = 0,0497 – IC 95%), mas tal diferença não foi observada para as demais tentativas ou quanto ao número de intubações esofágicas (3% e 7,7%). Os estudantes do grupo VL foram mais rápidos que os do grupo DL em todas as tentativas de intubação; paralelamente, a grande maioria do grupo VL relatou excelentes condições de visualização, com 75% das tentativas classificadas como grau 1 de Cormack-Lehane.
Conclusão
A introdução do videolaringoscópio no treinamento dos alunos de medicina melhorou a visualização das estruturas anatômicas e permitiu que as manobras de intubação traqueal fossem realizadas de forma mais rápida e com maior taxa de sucesso na primeira tentativa. Assim, nas condições deste estudo prospectivo, o videolaringoscópio teve um impacto positivo no treinamento e se mostrou uma ferramenta promissora para o ensino da laringoscopia.
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