Quadratus lumborum block (transmuscular approach) versus transversus abdominis plane block (unilateral subcostal approach) for perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial
Bloqueio do quadrado lombar (abordagem transmuscular) versus bloqueio do plano abdominal transverso (abordagem subcostal unilateral) para analgesia perioperatória em pacientes submetidos à nefrectomia aberta: um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado
Amany H. Saleh, Mai W. Abdallah, Ashraf M. Mahrous, Norhan A. Ali
Abstract
Study objective
Patients undergoing open nephrectomy surgery experience severe perioperative pain, which is primarily due to incision of several muscles. Abdominal wall blocks are known to reduce pain without causing epidural-associated hypotension. We conducted this study to compare unilateral ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis block in combination with general anesthesia alone in terms of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics and hemodynamics and postoperative complications.
Methods
This was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial conducted in the operating room. This study included 48 patients aged 20–60 years, with ASAI and II and a body mass index ≤ 30 kg.m-2 who were scheduled for open nephrectomy procedure.The 48 patients scheduled for nephrectomy were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups after induction of general anesthesia: Group A (n = 16) received USG transmuscular QLB; Group B (n = 16) received unilateral USG posterior transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block; and Group C (n = 16; control group) did not receive any blocks. Introperative fentanyl consumption, and hemodynamics (heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP)) were recorded after anesthesia induction, at surgical incision, and every 15 min till the end of surgery. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated immediately at 30 min and 1,2,4,6, and 12 hours postoperatively. The time of first analgesic request was also recorded.
Results
Intraoperative fentanyl consumption (μg) was significantly lower in Groups A and B (164.69 ± 27.35 and 190.31 ± 44.48, respectively) than in Group C (347.50 ± 63.64) (p < 0.001). Postoperatively, total pethidine consumption was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C (85.31 ± 6.68, 84.06 ± 4.17 mg, and 152.19 ± 43.43 mg, respectively) (p < 0.001. Time to rescue analgesia was longer in Groups A and B than in Group C (138.75 ± 52.39 min, 202.50 ± 72.25 min, and 37.50 ± 13.42 min, respectively) (p < 0.001). VAS score was significantly lower in Groups A and B than in Group C at 30 min and 1,2,4, and 6 h postoperatively.
Conclusion
Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and posterior transversus abdominis blocks were effective in providing perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing open nephrectomy. However, quadratus lumborum block provided superior analgesia.
Keywords
Resumo
Objetivo do estudo: Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de nefrectomia aberta apresentam forte dor perioperatória, que se deve principalmente à incisão de vários músculos. Os bloqueios da parede abdominal são conhecidos por reduzir a dor sem causar hipotensão associada à epidural. Conduzimos este estudo para comparar o bloqueio transmuscular do quadrado lombar guiado por ultrassom unilateral e o bloqueio transverso abdominal posterior em combinação com anestesia geral isolada em termos de analgésicos intra e pós-operatórios e hemodinâmica e complicações pós-operatórias. Métodos: Este foi um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado conduzido em sala de cirurgia. Este estudo incluiu 48 pacientes com idades entre 20-60 anos, com ASAI e II e um índice de massa corporal ≤30kg / m2 que foram agendados para procedimento de nefrectomia aberta. Os 48 pacientes agendados para nefrectomia foram alocados aleatoriamente em um dos três grupos a seguir após a indução de anestesia geral: Grupo A (n = 16) recebeu USG QLB transmuscular; Grupo B (n = 16) recebeu bloqueio unilateral do plano transverso abdominal (PTA) da USG; e o Grupo C (n = 16; grupo controle) não recebeu nenhum bloqueio. O consumo de fentanil intraoperatório e a hemodinâmica (frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial média (PAM)) foram registrados após a indução da anestesia, na incisão cirúrgica e a cada 15 minutos até o fim da cirurgia. A Escala Visual Analógica (VAS) foi avaliada imediatamente aos 30 min e 1,2,4,6 e 12 horas de pós-operatório. O horário da primeira solicitação de analgésico também foi registrado. Resultados: O consumo intraoperatório de fentanil (µg) foi significativamente menor nos Grupos A e B (164,69 ± 27,35 e 190,31 ± 44,48, respectivamente) do que no Grupo C (347,50 ± 63,64) (p <0,001). No pós-operatório, o consumo total de petidina foi significativamente menor nos Grupos A e B do que no Grupo C (85,31 ± 6,68,84,06 ± 4,17 mg e 152,19 ± 43,43mg, respectivamente) (p <0,001. O tempo para resgatar a analgesia foi maior nos Grupos A e B no Grupo C (138,75 ± 52,39min, 202,50 ± 72,25min, e 37,50 ± 13,42min, respectivamente) (p <0,001). A pontuação VAS foi significativamente menor nos Grupos A e B do que no Grupo C em 30min e 1,2,4 e 6h de pós-operatório. Conclusão: O bloqueio transmuscular do quadrado lombar e o transverso abdominal posterior foram eficazes no fornecimento de analgesia perioperatória em pacientes submetidos à nefrectomia aberta. No entanto, o bloqueio do quadrado lombar proporcionou analgesia superior.
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