Influence of the Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane n-Phenylaminopropyl - POSS in the Thermal Stability and the Glass Transition Temperature of Epoxy Resin
Pistor, Vinicius; Soares, Bluma G.; Mauler, Raquel S.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/polimeros.2013.039
Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol.23, n3, p.331-338, 2013
Abstract
In this study, epoxy nanocomposites containing different fractions of n-phenylaminopropyl (POSS) were prepared. The nanocomposites were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gel content, dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The parameters for Avrami’s equation were calculated from the degradation curves. The dispersions used to form the nanocomposites were effective above 5 wt % of POSS, and the gel content increased with the addition of POSS. The DMA analysis exhibited an increase in the storage modulus (E’) and a shifting of Tg to higher temperatures upon POSS incorporation. The weight loss indicated that the POSS promoted an increase in thermal stability of the epoxy resin. The Avrami parameters demonstrated that the addition of POSS decreased the Avrami constant (k’), increased the half-life (t1/2) of degradation and promoted changes in the Avrami exponent (n). These results suggest that the increase in the glass transition temperature and thermal stability depend on the reactive groups in the POSS nanoparticles.
Keywords
Epoxy, POSS, nanocomposites, thermal stability, glass transition
References
1. Schwab, J. J. & Lichtenhan, J. D. – Appl. Organomet. Chem., 12, p.707 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1099-0739(199810/11)12:10/11<707::AIDAOC776> 3.0.CO;2-1
2. Scott, D. W. – J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, p.1877 (1946). http:// dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01214a002
3. Strachota, A.; Whelan, P.; Kriz, J.; Brus, J.; Urbanová, M.; Slouf, M. & Matejka, L. – Polymer, 48, p.3041 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.052
4. Liu, L.; Tian, M.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, L. & Mark, J. E. – Polymer, 48, p.3201(2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. polymer.2007.03.067
5. Bizet, S.; Galy, J. & Gerard, J-F. – Polymer, 47, p.8219 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.040
6. Liu, Y.; Zheng, S. & Nie, K. – Polymer, 46, p.12016 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.056
7. Fu, B. X.; Namani, M. & Lee, A. – Polymer, 44, p.7739 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.033
8. Ni, Y.; Zhenga, S. & Nie, K. – Polymer, 45, p.5557 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.008
9. Liu, H.; Zheng, S. & Nie, K. – Macromolecules, 38, p.5088 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0504318
10. Wang, X.; Hu, Y.; Song, L.; Xing, W. & Lu, H. – J. Polym. Sci. Part B, Polym. Phys., 48, p.693 (2010). http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/polb.21939
11. Huang, J-M.; Huang, H-J.; Wang, Y-X.; Chen, W-Y. & Chang, F-C. – J. Polym. Sci. Part B, Polym. Phys., 47, p.1927 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.21788
12. Ni, Y. & Zheng, S. – Macromol. Chem. Physic., 206, p.2075 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200500267
13. Pistor, V.; Ornaghi, F. G.; Ornaghi, H. L. & Zattera, A.J. – Polym. Compos., 33, p.1224 (2012). http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/pc.22181
14. Ornaghi, H. L.; Pistor, V. & Zattera, A.J. – Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 358, p.427 (2012). http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.10.014
15. Pistor, V.; Ornaghi, F. G.; Ornaghi, H. L. & Zattera, A.J. – Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 532, p.339 (2012). http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.100
16. Avrami, M. – J. Chem. Phys., 7, p.1103 (1939).
17. Avrami, M. – J. Chem. Phys., 8, p.212 (1940).
18. Avrami, M. – J. Chem. Phys., 9, p.177 (1941).
19. Evans, U R. – Trans. Faraday Soc., 41, p.365 (1945). http:// dx.doi.org/10.1039/tf9454100365
20. Meares, P. – “Polymers: Structure and Bulk Properties”, Van Nostrand, New York, chap. 5 (1965).
21. Hay J. N. – Br. Polym. J., 3, p.74 (1971). http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/pi.4980030205
22. Jeziorny, A. – Polymer, 19, p.1142 (1978). http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0032-3861(78)90060-5
23. Poletto, M.; Pistor, V.; Zeni, M. & Zattera, A. J. – Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 96, p.679 (2011). http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.007
24. Waddon, A. J. & Coughlin, E. B. – Chem. Mater., 15, p.4555 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm034308b
25. Zeng, K. & Zheng, S. – J. Phys. Chem. B, 111, p.13919 (2007). PMid:18031030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp075891c
26. Loos, M. R.; Coelho, L. A. F.; Pezzin, S. H. & Amico, S. C. – Polímeros, 18, p.76 (2008).
27. Ferry, J. D. – “Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers”, New York, John Wiley & Sons (1980).
28. Pascault, H.S.; Verdu, J. & Williams, R. J. J. – “Thermosetting Polymers”, Marcel Dekker, New York (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203908402
29. Alves, N. M.; Gómez Ribelles, J. L.; J Gómez Tejedor, A. & Mano, J. F. – Macromolecules, 37, p.3735 (2004). http:// dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma035626z
30. Levchik, S. V. & Weil, E. D. – Polym. Int., 53, p.1901 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1473
31. Levchik, S. V.; Camino, G.; Luda, M. P. Costa, L.; Costes, B.; Henry, Y.; Morel, E. & Muller, G. – Polym. Adv. Technol., 6, p.53 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ pat.1995.220060201
32. Levchik, S. V.; Camino, G.; Luda, M.P.; Costa, L.; Costes, B.; Henry, Y. & Muller, G. M. E. – Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 48, p.359 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141- 3910(95)00084-Y
33. Pistor, V.; Soares, B. G. & Mauler, R. S. – Polym. Compos., 33, p.1438 (2012).
34. Pistor, V.; Barbosa, L. G.; Soares, B. G. & Mauler, R. S. – Polymer, 53, p.5798 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. polymer.2012.10.018