Injection overmolded polyamide 6 - Eucalyptus joints

Giovana Zanetini Zanchetta; Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira; Matheus Furlan; Vinicius Fiocco Sciuti; Rodrigo Bresciani Canto; Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho; Leonardo Bresciani Canto

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.20260025

Original Article

Injection overmolded polyamide 6 - Eucalyptus joints

Giovana Zanetini Zanchetta; Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira; Matheus Furlan; Vinicius Fiocco Sciuti; Rodrigo Bresciani Canto; Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho; Leonardo Bresciani Canto

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20260025 Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, vol.36, n3, e20260034, 2026

PDF

SciELO

Downloads: 0

Abstract

The development of polymer−wood joints addresses the growing demand for lightweight and environmentally sustainable structures. This study reports the development of joints combining polyamide 6 and Eucalyptus grandis, produced via direct-adhesion injection overmolding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microtomography analyses revealed a well-defined interface, with PA6 penetrating open wood vessels and forming protrusions (~50 µm) that promote mechanical interlocking. Mechanical testing showed good repeatability, with the joints reaching shear strength values up to 8.1 ± 0.6 MPa, which are comparable to those reported in the literature for polymer–wood overlap joints. Digital image correlation (DIC), coupled with mechanical tests, further indicated a more uniform strain distribution along the interface for the single-chamfer geometry, suggesting more efficient stress transfer during mechanical overloading.

Keywords

direct-adhesion, hybrid joint, injection overmolding, wood

References

1 Amancio-Filho, S. T., & Blaga, L. A. (Eds.). (2018). Joining of polymer-metal hybrid structures: principles and applications. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429807.

2 Ding, Y., Pang, Z., Lan, K., Yao, Y., Panzarasa, G., Xu, L., Lo Ricco, M., Rammer, D. R., Zhu, J. Y., Hu, M., Pan, X., Li, T., Burgert, I., & Hu, L. (2023). Emerging engineered wood for building applications. Chemical Reviews, 123(5), 1843-1888. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00450. PMid:36260771.

3 Schubert, M., Panzarasa, G., & Burgert, I. (2023). Sustainability in wood products: a new perspective for handling natural diversity. Chemical Reviews, 123(5), 1889-1924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00360. PMid:36535040.

4 Asada, R., Cardellini, G., Mair-Bauernfeind, C., Wenger, J., Haas, V., Holzer, D., & Stern, T. (2020). Effective bioeconomy? a MRIO-based socioeconomic and environmental impact assessment of generic sectoral innovations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 153, 119946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119946.

5 Kohl, D., Link, P., & Böhm, S. (2016). Wood as a technical material for structural vehicle components. Procedia CIRP, 40, 557-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.133.

6 Vasconcelos, R. L., Oliveira, G. H. M., Amancio-Filho, S. T., & Canto, L. B. (2023). Injection overmolding of polymer-metal hybrid structures: a review. Polymer Engineering and Science, 63(3), 691-722. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26244.

7 Oliveira, G. H. M., Amancio-Filho, S. T., & Canto, L. B. (2024). Processing understanding, mechanical durability and hygrothermal stability of PC/AA6061 hybrid joints produced via injection overmolding. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 130, 103617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103617.

8 Adauto, R., Oliveira, G. H. M., Morozo, M. A., Fiori, M. A., & Canto, L. B. (2025). Direct-joining of a polylactide acid-hydroxyapatite biocomposite with a titanium alloy. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 35(1), e20250009. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20240095.

9 Stadlmann, A., Mautner, A., Pramreiter, M., Bismarck, A., & Müller, U. (2021). Interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of wood-polymer hybrid composites prepared by injection molding. Polymers, 13(17), 2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172849. PMid:34502888.

10 Palermo, G. P. M., Latorraca, J. V. F., Carvalho, A. M., Calonego, F. W., & Severo, E. T. D. (2015). Anatomical properties of Eucalyptus grandis wood and transition age between juvenile and mature wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 73(6), 775-780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0947-4.

11 Leclerc, H., Neggers, J., Mathieu, F., Roux, S., & Hild, F. (2015). Correli 3.0. Paris: Agence pour la Protection des Programmes.

12 Lubliner, J. (2008). Plasticity theory. Mineola: Dover Publications.

13 Mendelson, A. (1968). Plasticity: theory and application. New York: Macmillan.

14 Gardner, D. J., Blumentritt, M., Wang, L., & Yildirim, N. (2014). Adhesion theories in wood adhesive bonding: a critical review. Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2(2), 127-172. https://doi.org/10.7569/RAA.2014.097304.

15 Oliveira, G. H. M., Awan, A., Auer, P., Egger, P.-M., Canto, L. B., Domitner, J., & Amancio-Filho, S. T. (2026). Direct-joining of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composite with wood by additive manufacturing. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 11(5), 4917-4931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-026-01632-9.

16 Awan, A., Oliveira, G. H. M., Carvalho, W. S., Auer, P., Domitner, J., & Amancio-Filho, S. T. (2024). Ultrasonic joining of carbon-reinforced polyamide with oak wood for manufacturing sustainable hybrid structures. Manufacturing Letters, 42, 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2024.09.068.

17 Oliveira, G. H. M., Sciuti, V. F., Canto, R. B., Arneitz, S., Minkowitz, L., Amancio-Filho, S. T., & Canto, L. B. (2025). Additive manufacturing of surface structured metal parts for high strength lightweight injection overmolded polymer-metal hybrid joints. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 141, 104045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2025.104045.

Injection overmolded polyamide 6 - Eucalyptus joints

Giovana Zanetini Zanchetta; Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira; Matheus Furlan; Vinicius Fiocco Sciuti; Rodrigo Bresciani Canto; Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho; Leonardo Bresciani Canto

Abstract

Keywords

References

Links

Share

Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia