Compatibility and characterization of Bio-PE/PCL blends
Bezerra, Elieber Barros; França, Danyelle Campos de; Morais, Dayanne Diniz de Souza; Silva, Ingridy Dayane dos Santo; Siqueira, Danilo Diniz; Araújo, Edcleide Maria; Wellen, Renate Maria Ramos
Abstract
In this work, blends based on environmentally friend polymers such as Biopolyethylene (Bio-PE), Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Polyethylene graft maleic anhydride (PEgMA) added as compatibilizer agent were produced by conventional extrusion, aiming to produce bio-blends with synergic properties at low processing cost, being at same time non-polluting and therefore contributing to the environment preservation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that blending does not significantly interfere on the melting and crystallization behaviors of neat polymers, suggesting being low miscibility compounds. Mechanical properties were observed changing with blend composition as the impact strength significantly increased reaching values higher than 130% when compared to neat Bio-PE. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed honeycomb morphology in Bio-PE/PCL blends, and the addition of PEgMA decreased the coalescence contributing to obtain more stable and synergic compounds. Bio-PE/PCL/PEgMA at 80/20/10 contents presented the best properties and may be used for packaging materials (food containers, film wrapping), and hygiene products.
Keywords
References
1 Hemais, C. A., Rosa, E. O. R., & Barros, H. M. (2000). Observações sobre o desenvolvimento tecnológico e os ciclos da indústria de polímeros no Brasil. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 10(3), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282000000300011.
2 Rosa, D. S., Franco, B. L. M., & Calil, M. R. (2001). Biodegradabilidade e propriedades mecânicas de novas misturas poliméricas. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 11(2), 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282001000200010.
3 Rosa, D. S., Chui, Q. S. H., Pantano, R., Fo., & Agnelli, J. A. M. (2002). Avaliação da biodegradação de Poli-β-(Hidroxibutirato), Poli-β-(Hidroxibutirato-co-valerato) e Poli-ε-(caprolactona) em solo compostado. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 12(4), 311-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282002000400015.
4 Le Guern, C. (2018). When the mermaids cry: the great plastic tide. Natural Care. Retrieved in 2018, October 20, from http://plastic-pollution.org
5 Ray, S. S., & Bousmina, M. (2005). Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in greening the 21st century materials world. Progress in Materials Science, 50(8), 962-1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.05.002.
6 Brito, G. F., Agrawal, P., Araújo, E. M., & Mélo, T. J. A. (2012). Tenacificação do Poli(Ácido Lático) pela adição do terpolímero (Etileno/Acrilato de Metila/Metacrilato de Glicidila). Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 22(2), 164-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282012005000025.
7 Bastioli, C. (2005). Handbook of biodegradable polymers. Shrewsbury: Rapra Technology. [
8 Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. (2008). NBR 15448-1: embalagens plásticas degradáveis e/ou de fontes renováveis - parte 1: Terminologia. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT.
9 Brito, G. F., Agrawal, P., Araújo, E. M., & Mélo, T. J. A. (2012). Polylactide/Biopolyethylene bioblends. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 22(5), 427-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282012005000072.
10 Braskem Produtos Verdes. Retrieved in 2018, March 19, from http://www.braskem.com/site.aspx/FAQ_PeVerde
11 Swift, G. (1998). Requirements for biodegradable water-soluble polymers. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 59(1-3), 19-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00162-6.
12 Braunegg, G., Lefebvre, G., & Genser, K. F. (1998). Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources: physiological and engineering aspects. Journal of Biotechnology, 65(2-3), 27-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(98)00126-6. PMid:9828458. [
13 Zuchowska, O., Hlavata, D., Steller, R., Adamiak, W., & Meissner, W. (1999). Physical structure of polyolefin-starch blends after ageing. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 64(2), 339-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00212-2.
14 Pelicano, M., Pachekoski, W., & Agnelli, J. A. M. (2009). Influência da adição de amido de mandioca na biodegradação da blenda polimérica PHBV/Ecoflex. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 19(3), 212-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282009000300009.
15 American Society For Testing and Materials. (2017). ASTM D883: terminology relating to plastics. West Conshohocken: Philadelphia.
16 Amini, M., Mobli, M., Khalili, M., & Ebadi-Dehaghani, H. (2018). Assessment of compatibility in Polypropylene/Poly(lactic acid)/Ethylene vinyl alcohol ternary blends: relating experiments and molecular dynamics simulation results. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B: Physics, 57(4), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2018.1460153.
17 Boronat, T., Fombuena, V., Garcia-Sanoguera, D., Sanchez-Nacher, L., & Balart, R. (2015). Development of a biocomposite based on green polyethylene biopolymer and eggshell. Materials & Design, 68, 177-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.027.
18 Utracki, L. A. (2002). Polymer blends handbook (Vol. 1). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
19 Matta, A. K., Rao, R. U., Suman, K. N. S., & Rambabu, V. (2014). Preparation and characterization of biodegradable PLA/PCL polymeric blends. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 1266-1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.201.
20 Fel, E., Khrouz, L., Massardier, V., Cassagnau, P., & Bonneviot, L. (2016). Comparative study of gamma-irradiated PP and PE polyolefins part 2: Properties of PP/PE blends obtained by reactive processing with radicals obtained by high shear or gamma-irradiation. Polymer, 82, 217-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.070.
21 Antunes, M. C. M., & Felisberti, M. I. (2005). Blends of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) and Poly (ε-caprolactone) Obtained from Melting Mixture. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 15(2), 134-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282005000200014.
22 Faker, M., Razavi Aghjeh, M. K., Ghaffari, M., & Seyyedi, S. A. (2008). Rheology, morphology and mechanical properties of polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (PE/EVA) blends. European Polymer Journal, 44(6), 1834-1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.002.
23 Greco, R., Mancarella, C., Martuscelli, E., Ragosta, G., & Yin, J. (1987). Polyolefin blends: 1. Effect of EPR composition on structure, morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE/EPR alloys. Polymer, 28(11), 1922-1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90301-6.
24 Bezerra, E. B., França, D. C., Morais, D. D. S., Ferreira, E. S. B., Araújo, E. M., & Wellen, R. M. R. (2017). Comportamento reológico do Bio-PE e do PCL na presença do PEgAA e PEgMA. Revista Matéria, 22(1), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620170001.0130.
25 Morais, D. D. S. (2016). Desenvolvimento de blendas de Poliestireno/Poli(ɛ-caprolactona) (Tese de doutorado). Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande.
26 Ferreira, L. A. S., Pessan, L. A., & Hage, E., Jr. (1997). Comportamento mecânico e termo-mecânico de blendas poliméricas PBT/ABS. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 7(1), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14281997000100011.
27 Luna, C. B. B., Silva, D. F., & Araújo, E. M. (2014). Estudo do comportamento de blendas de poliamida 6/resíduo de borracha da indústria de calçados. Revista Univap, 20(36), 98-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/revunivap.v20i36.249.
28 Boronat, T., Fombuena, V., Garcia-Sanoguera, D., Sanchez-Nacher, L., & Balart, R. (2015). Development of a biocomposite based on green polyethylene biopolymer and eggshell. Materials & Design, 68, 177-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.027.
29 Escocio, V. A., Visconte, L. L. Y., Cavalcante, A. P., Furatado, A. M. S., & Pacheco, E. B. A. V. (2015) Study of mechanical and morphological properties of biobased polyethylene (HDPE) and sponge-gourds (Luffa-Cylindrica) agroresidue composites. In Proceedings of the AIP Conference Proceedings 1664 (p. 1-5). USA: AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918430.
30 Machado, A. V., Moura, I., Duarte, F. M., Botelho, G., Nogueira, R., & Brito, A. G. (2007). Evaluation of properties and biodeterioration potential of polyethylene and aliphatic polyester blends. International Polymer Processing, 22(5), 512-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.2061.
31 Rosa, D. C., Guedes, C. G. F., & Bardi, M. A. G. (2007). Evaluation of thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of PCL/CA and PCL/CA/PE-g-GMA blends. Polymer Testing, 26(2), 209-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.10.003.
32 Moura, I., Machado, A. V., Duarte, F. M., Botelho, G., & Nogueira, R. (2008). Preparation of biodegradable materials by reactive extrusion. Materials Science Forum, 587-588, 520-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.587-588.520.
33 Silva, T. R. G. (2014). Influência da poli (ε-caprolactona) e de copolímeros funcionalizados no desempenho de blendas com matriz de poli (Ácido-Lático) [Tese de doutorado). Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande.
34 Semba, T., Kitagawa, K., Ishiaku, U. S., Kotaki, M., & Hamada, H. (2007). Effect of compounding procedure on mechanical properties and dispersed phase morphology of poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone blends containing peroxide. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103(2), 1066-1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25311.
35 Takasu, A., Oishi, Y., Lio, Y., Inai, Y., & Hirabayashi, T. (2003). Synthesis of aliphatic polyesters by direct polyesterification of dicarboxylic acids with diols under mild conditions catalyzed by reusable rare-earth triflate. Macromolecules, 36(6), 1772-1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma021462v.
36 Chevallier, C., Becquart, F., Majeste, J.-C., & Taha, M. (2013). Solvent-free preparation, characterization, and properties of SEBS–g–polycarbonate copolymers. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 6(16), 564-577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2013.771309.
37 Araújo, J. P., Agrawal, P. A., & Mélo, T. J. A. (2015). Blendas PLA/PEgAA: avaliação da reatividade entre os polímeros e da concentração de PEgAA nas propriedades e na morfologia. Revista Eletrônica de Materiais e Processos, 10(3), 118-127. Retrieved in 2018, March 15, from http://www2.ufcg.edu.br/revista-remap/index.php/REMAP/article/view/475
38 Deblieck, R. A. C., Van Beek, D. J. M., Remerie, K., & Ward, I. M. (2011). Failure mechanisms in polyolefines: the role of crazing, shear yielding and the entanglement network. Polymer, 52(14), 2979-2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.03.055.
39 Botlhoko, O. J., Ramontja, J., & Ray, S. S. (2018). A new insight into morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of melt-processed polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 154, 84-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.025.
40 França, D. C., Morais, D. D., Bezerra, E. B., Araújo, E. M., & Wellen, R. M. R. (2018). Photodegradation mechanisms on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Materials Research, 21(5), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-0837.
41 Guimarães, M. J. O. C., Rocha, M. C. G., & Coutinho, F. M. B. (2002). Polietileno de alta densidade tenacificado com elastômero metalocênico: 1. Propriedades mecânicas e características morfológicas. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 12(2), 76-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282002000200006.
42 Roeder, J., Oliveira, R. V. B., Gonçalves, M. C., Soldi, V., & Pires, A. T. N. (2002). Polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends: influence of compatibilizing agent on interface domains. Polymer Testing, 21(7), 815-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00016-8.
43 Bucknall, C. B., & Paul, D. R. (2009). Notched impact behavior of polymer blends: Part 1: new model for particle size dependence. Polymer, 50(23), 5539-5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.09.059.
44 Liu, H., Song, W., Chen, F., Guo, L., & Zhang, J. (2011). Interaction of microstructure and interfacial adhesion on Impact Performance of Polylactide (PLA) ternary blends. Macromolecules, 44(6), 1513-1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma1026934.
45 Plochocki, A. P., Dagli, S. S., & Andrews, R. D. (1990). The interface in binary mixtures of polymers containing a corresponding block copolymer: Effects of industrial mixing processes and of coalescence. Polymer Engineering and Science, 30(12), 741-752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760301207.
46 Pracella, M. (2016). Modification of polymer properties. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
47 Sánchez, A., Rosales, C., Laredo, E., Müller, A. J., & Pracella, M. (2001). Compatibility studies in binary blends of PA6 and ULDPE-graft-DEM. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 202(11), 2461-2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3935(20010701)202:11<2461::AID-MACP2461>3.0.CO;2-1.
48 Barcellos, I. O. (1998). Estudo de blendas poliméricas e hidrogéis com aplicações na área biomédica [Tese de doutorado). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.
49 Zinadini, S., Zinatizadeh, A. A., Rahimi, M., Vatanpour, V., & Zangeneh, H. (2014). Preparation of a novel antifouling mixed matrix PES membrane by embedding graphene oxide nanoplates. Journal of Membrane Science, 453(1), 292-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.070.
50 Rahimi, M., Zinadini, S., Zinatizadeh, A. A., Vatanpour, V., Rajabi, L., Rahimi, Z. (2016). Hydrophilic goethite nanoparticle as a novel antifouling agent in fabrication of nanocomposite polyethersulfone membrane. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(26), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43592.