Advanced genetic engineering approaches, including CRISPR/Cas systems, RNA interference (RNAi), synthetic biology constructs, and engineered immune cell models, have transformed early-stage anticancer drug discovery. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for studies published between January 2015 and June 2025. Eligible studies included laboratory investigations, high-throughput screening experiments, and translational preclinical research employing genetic engineering platforms for anticancer drug discovery. Ten high-quality studies (≈3,400 experiments) were included. CRISPR-based functional genomics showed significantly greater target-validation accuracy than RNAi (g=0.62; 95% CI: 0.48-0.77). Organoid and three-dimensional culture systems derived from synthetic biology enhanced the relevance of phenotypic screening (SMD=0.54; 95% CI: 0.39-0.69) and reduced false-positive hit rates compared to conventional two-dimensional models. Engineered immune-cell platforms demonstrated the strongest translational potential but required the highest infrastructure and regulatory investment. Study heterogeneity was moderate (I²=47.0%), with minimal evidence of publication bias. Reported barriers included limited molecular-biology infrastructure, insufficient bioinformatics expertise, and underdeveloped ethical and regulatory frameworks in low- and middle-income contexts. Genetic engineering platforms substantially enhance the accuracy, reproducibility, and translational validity of anticancer drug discovery. For Libyan Pharmacology Departments, phased adoption prioritizing CRISPR for target validation, shared regional facilities for organoid models, and strengthened bioinformatics training offers a feasible pathway to align local research capacity with cutting-edge global standards.