A review on the evolution of immunotherapy in bladder carcinoma
Milena Gulinac, Dorian Dikov, Simeon Lichev, Tsvetelina Velikova
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most significant genitourinary cancer characterized by a high rate of recurrences, morbidity, and mortality in a large number of patients. Over the years, numerous therapeutic approaches have been developed. For more than 40 years, the most comprehensive method for the treatment of non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer has been the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), giving a successful effect in a high percentage of patients. However, due to the genetic instability of cancer and the desire to develop personalized therapy, therapeutic approaches are continually evolving and improving. This review will discuss the therapeutic evolution and directions of future research to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in the treatment of bladder carcinoma.
Keywords
References
1. Zhou M, Netto GJ, Epstein JI. Uropathology. 1st ed. Saunders; 2012.
2. Di Pierro GB, Gulia C, Cristini C, Fraietta G, Marini L, Grande P, et al. Bladder cancer: a simple model becomes complex. Curr Genomics. 2012;13(5):395-415. doi: 10.2174/138920212801619232.
3. Ploeg M, Aben KK, Kiemeney LA. The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World J Urol. 2009;27(3):289-93. doi: 10.1007/s00345-009-0383-3.
4. Hamoud AR, Weaver L, Stec DE, Hinds TD Jr. Bilirubin in the Liver-Gut Signaling Axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(3):140-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.002.
5. Cohen SM, Johansson SL. Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 1992;19(3):421-8.
6. Mohan H. Textbook of Pathology. 7th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd; 2014.
7. Alhunaidi O, Zlotta AR. The use of intravesical BCG in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Ecancermedicalscience. 2019;13:905. doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2019.905.
8. Luca S, Mihaescu T. History of BCG Vaccine. Maedica (Bucur). 2013;8(1):53-8.
9. Old LJ, Clarke DA, Benacerraf B. Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection on transplanted tumours in the mouse. Nature. 1959;184(Suppl 5):291-2. doi: 10.1038/184291a0.
10. Mathé G, Amiel JL, Schwarzenberg L, Schneider M, Cattan A, Schlumberger JR, et al. Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 1969;1(7597):697-9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92648-8.
11. Morton DL, Eilber FR, Joseph WL, Wood WC, Trahan E, Ketcham AS. Immunological factors in human sarcomas and melanomas: a rational basis for immunotherapy. Ann Surg. 1970;172(4):740-9. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197010000-00018.
12. Bloomberg SD, Brosman SA, Hausman MS, Cohen A, Battenberg JD. The effects of BCG on the dog bladder. Invest Urol. 1975;12(6):423-7.
13. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Tumors. J Urol. 2017;197(2S):S142-S145. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.101.
14. Brosman SA. Experience with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J Urol. 1982;128(1):27-30. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)52736-6.
15. Lamm DL, Thor DE, Harris SC, Reyna JA, Stogdill VD, Radwin HM. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1980;124(1):38-40. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55282-9.
16. Aldousari S, Kassouf W. Update on the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(1):56-64. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.777.
17. Wang Y, Liu J, Yang X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and anti-PD-L1 combination therapy boosts immune response against bladder cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:2891-9. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S165840.
18. Aydin AM, Woldu SL, Hutchinson RC, Boegemann M, Bagrodia A, Lotan Y, et al. Spotlight on atezolizumab and its potential in the treatment of advanced urothelial bladder cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:1487-502. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S109453.
19. Rentsch CA, Birkhäuser FD, Biot C, Gsponer JR, Bisiaux A, Wetterauer C, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain differences have an impact on clinical outcome in bladder cancer immunotherapy. Eur Urol. 2014;66(4):677-88. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.02.061.
20. Sjödahl G, Jackson CL, Bartlett JM, Siemens DR, Berman DM. Molecular profiling in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: more than the sum of its parts. J Pathol. 2019;247(5):563-73. doi: 10.1002/path.5230.
21. Topalian SL, Drake CG, Pardoll DM. Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Cell. 2015;27(4):450-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.001.
Submitted date:
09/02/2020
Reviewed date:
09/27/2020
Accepted date:
10/09/2020
Publication date:
10/09/2020
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email