Vertebrobasilar circulation hemorrhages in childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Ahmad Hassan; Kieren Allinson
Abstract
Keywords
References
1 Calabrese LH, Duna GF, Lie JT. Vasculitis in the central nervous system. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(7):1189-201.
2 Beelen J, Benseler SM, Dropol A, Ghali B, Twilt M. Strategies for treatment of childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6(4):e567.
3 Quan AS, Brunner J, Rose B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of angiography positive medium to large vessel childhood Primary Angiitis of Central Nervous System (p-cPACNS): an international survey. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:654537.
4 Scolding NJ, Wilson H, Hohlfeld R, Polman C, Leite I, Gilhus N. The recognition, diagnosis and management of cerebral vasculitis: a European survey. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9(4):343-7.
5 Smitka M, Bruck N, Engellandt K, Hahn G, Knoefler R, von der Hagen M. Clinical perspective on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System in Childhood (cPACNS). Front Pediatr. 2020;8:281.
6 Hajj-Ali RA, Singhal AB, Benseler S, Molloy E, Calabrese LH. Primary angiitis of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(6):561-72.
7 Benseler SM, Silverman E, Aviv RI, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis in children. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1291-7.
8 Shiner EA, Zagami AS. An illustrative case of primary angiitis of the central nervous system. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2014;2:X14559638.
9 Cellucci T, Benseler SM. Diagnosing central nervous system vasculitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22(6):731-8.
10 Alhaboob AA, Hasan GM, Malik MA, Rehman MZ. Therapeutic benefits and side effects of Azathioprine and Aspirin in treatment of childhood primary arterial stroke. Ann Neurosci. 2014;21(1):10-3.
11 Harbitz F. Unknown forms of arteritis, with special reference to their relation to syphilitic arteritis and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med Sci. 1922;163(2):250-71.
12 Elbers J, Halliday W, Hawkins C, Hutchinson C, Benseler SM. Brain biopsy in children with primary small-vessel central nervous system vasculitis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(5):602-10.
13 Beuker C, Schmidt A, Strunk D, et al. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756286418785071.
14 Aviv RI, Benseler SM, Silverman ED, et al. MR imaging and angiography of primary CNS vasculitis of childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(1):192-9. PMid:16418382.
15 Malik MA, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Nadeem MM, et al. Childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2012;22(9):570-4. PMid:22980610.
16 Pistracher K, Gellner V, Riegler S, Schökler B, Scarpatetti M, Kurschel S. Cerebral haemorrhage in the presence of primary childhood central nervous system vasculitis: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(8):1141-8. PMid:22684518.
17 Rice CM, Scolding NJ. The diagnosis of primary central nervous system vasculitis. Pract Neurol. 2020;20(2):109-14.
18 Eleftheriou D, Cox T, Saunders D, Klein NJ, Brogan PA, Ganesan V. Investigation of childhood central nervous system vasculitis: magnetic resonance angiography versus catheter cerebral angiography. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(9):863-7.
19 Berlit P. Primary angiitis of the CNS: an enigma that needs world-wide efforts to be solved. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(1):10-1.
20 Salvarani C, Brown RDJ Jr, Calamia KT, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis: analysis of 101 patients. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(5):442-51.
21 Woolfenden AR, Tong DC, Marks MP, Ali AO, Albers GW. Angiographically defined primary angiitis of the CNS: is it really benign? Neurology. 1998;51(1):183-8.
22 Mandell DM, Matouk CC, Farb RI, et al. Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results. Stroke. 2012;43(3):860-2.
23 Cellucci T, Tyrrell PN, Pullenayegum E, Benseler SM. von Willebrand factor antigen--a possible biomarker of disease activity in childhood central nervous system vasculitis? Rheumatology. 2012;51(10):1838-45.
Submitted date:
10/18/2021
Accepted date:
07/02/2022
Publication date:
07/15/2022