Mapping variability in CO2 saturation in Amazonian rivers at a large spatial scale indicates undersaturated areas
Mapeamento da variabilidade na saturação de CO2 em rios amazônicos em larga escala indica áreas subsaturadas
Sarian Kosten; Raquel Mendonça; Donato Seiji Abe; Fabio Roland; Vera Huszar
Abstract
Keywords
Resumo
Resumo::
Palavras-chave
Referências
Abe, D., Tundisi, J.G., Matsumura-Tundisi, T., Tundisi, J.E.M., Sidagis-Galli, C., Teixeira-Silva, V., Afonso, G.F., Albarici, F.L., Von Haehling, P.H.A., Moss, G., & Moss, M., 2006. Monitoramento da qualidade ecológica das águas interiores superficiais e do potencial trófico em escala continental no Brasil com o uso de hidroavião. In: Tundisi, J.G., Matsumura-Tundisi, T., Tundisi, J.E.M. & Sidagis-Galli, C., eds. Eutrofização na América do Sul: causas consequências e tecnologias para gerenciamento e controle. São Carlos: Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, 225-239.
Abril, G., Martinez, J.-M., Artigas, L.F., Moreira-Turcq, P., Benedetti, M.F., Vidal, L., Meziane, T., Kim, J.-H., Bernardes, M.C., Savoye, N., Deborde, J., Souza, E.L., Albéric, P., Landim de Souza, M.F., & Roland, F., 2014. Amazon river carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands. Nature 505(7483), 395-398. PMid:24336199.
Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA, 2019. Sistema de acompanhamento de reservatórios. Retrieved in 2019, January 10, from
Alin, S.R., Rasera, M.F.F.L., Salimon, C.I., Richey, J.E., Holtgrieve, G.W., Krusche, A.V., & Snidvongs, A., 2011. Physical controls on carbon dioxide transfer velocity and flux in low‐gradient river systems and implications for regional carbon budgets. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 116, G01009.
Almeida, R.M., Pacheco, F.S., Barros, N., Rosi, E., & Roland, F., 2017. Extreme floods increase CO2 outgassing from a large Amazonian river. Limnol. Oceanogr. 62(3), 989-999.
Amaral, J., Farjalla, V.F., Melack, J.M., Kasper, D., Scofield, V., Barbosa, P.M., & Forsberg, B.R., 2019. Seasonal and spatial variability of CO2 in aquatic environments of the central lowland amazon basin. Biogeochemistry 143(1), 133-149.
Amaral, J., Melack, J.M., Barbosa, P.M., MacIntyre, S., Kasper, D., Cortés, A., Silva, T.S.F., Nunes-de-Sousa, R., & Forsberg, B.R., 2020. Carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere from waters within flooded forests in the amazon basin. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 125(3), e5293.
Battin, T.J., Kaplan, L.A., Findlay, S., Hopkinson, C.S., Marti, E., Packman, A.I., Newbold, J.D., & Sabater, F., 2008. Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks. Nat. Geosci. 1(2), 95-100.
Borges, A.V., Abril, G., Darchambeau, F., Teodoru, C.R., Deborde, J., Vidal, L.O., Lambert, T., & Bouillon, S., 2015. Divergent biophysical controls of aquatic CO2 and CH4 in the world’s two largest rivers. Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15614. PMid:26494107.
Butler, J.N., 1991. Carbon dioxide equilibria and their applications. Boca Ratón: CRC Press.
Cole, J. J., Caraco, N.F., Kling, G.W., & Kratz, T.K., 1994. Carbon-dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science 265(5178), 1568-1570. PMid:17801536.
Cole, J., Prairie, Y., Caraco, N.F., McDowell, W.H., Tranvik, L.J., Striegl, R.G., Duarte, C.M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J.A., Middelburg, J.J., & Melack, J., 2007. Plumbing the global carbon cycle: integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems (N. Y.) 10(1), 172-185.
Davidson, E.A., & Janssens, I.A., 2006. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440(7081), 165-173. PMid:16525463.
Davidson, E.A., Figueiredo, R.O., Markewitz, D., & Aufdenkampe, A.K., 2010. Dissolved CO2 in small catchment streams of eastern Amazonia: a minor pathway of terrestrial carbon loss. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 115(G4)
Davies, C.W., & Shedlovsky, T., 1964. Ion association. J. Electrochem. Soc. 111(3), 85C-86C.
Devol, A.H., Forsberg, B.R., Richey, J.E., & Pimentel, T.P., 1995. Seasonal variation in chemical distributions in the Amazon (Solimões) river: A multiyear time series. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9(3), 307-328.
Duarte, C.M., & Prairie, Y.T., 2005. Prevalence of heterotrophy and atmospheric CO2 emissions from aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystems (N. Y.) 8(7), 862-870.
Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., & Franson, M.A.H., 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington: American Public Health Association, 20th ed.
Ellis, E.E., Richey, J.E., Aufdenkampe, A.K., Krusche, A.V., Quay, P.D., Salimon, C., & Cunha, H.B., 2012. Factors controlling water‐column respiration in rivers of the central and southwestern Amazon basin. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57(2), 527-540.
Gómez-Gener, L., Rocher-Ros, G., Battin, T., Cohen, M.J., Dalmagro, H.J., Dinsmore, K.J., Drake, T.W., Duvert, C., Enrich-Prast, A., Horgby, Å., Johnson, M.S., Kirk, L., Machado-Silva, F., Marzolf, N.S., McDowell, M.J., McDowell, W.H., Miettinen, H., Ojala, A.K., Peter, H., Pumpanen, J., Ran, L., Riveros-Iregui, D.A., Santos, I.R., Six, J., Stanley, E.H., Wallin, M.B., White, S.A., & Sponseller, R.A., 2021. Global carbon dioxide efflux from rivers enhanced by high nocturnal emissions. Nat. Geosci. 14(5), 289-294.
Grace, J., & Malhi, Y., 2002. Carbon dioxide goes with the flow. Nature 416(6881), 594. PMid:11948337.
Huete, A.R., Didan, K., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Ratana, P., Saleska, S.R., Hutyra, L.R., Yang, W., Nemani, R.R., & Myneni, R., 2006. Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(6), L06445.
IGBP-DIS, 1998. Soildata (v.0): a program for creating global soil-property databases. France: IGBP Global Soils Data Task.
Johnson, M.S., Lehmann, J., Riha, S.J., Krusche, A.V., Richey, J.E., Ometto, J., & Couto, E.G., 2008. CO2 efflux from Amazonian headwater streams represents a significant fate for deep soil respiration. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(17), L17401.
Junk, W.J. 1997. General aspects of floodplain ecology with special reference to Amazonian floodplains. In: Junk, J.J., ed. The central Amazon floodplain: ecology of a pulsing system. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 3-22.
Junk, W.J., 1983. Aquatic habitats in Amazonia. Environmentalist 3, 24-34.
Junk, W.J., Piedade, M., Lourival, R., Wittmann, F., Kandus, P., Lacerda, L., Bozelli, R., Esteves, F., Cunha, C.N., & Maltchik, L., 2014. Brazilian wetlands: their definition, delineation, and classification for research, sustainable management, and protection. Aquat. Conserv. 24(1), 5-22.
Junk, W.J., Piedade, M.T.F., Schöngart, J., Cohn-Haft, M., Adeney, J.M., & Wittmann, F.A., 2011. Classification of major naturally-occurring Amazonian lowland wetlands. Wetlands 31(4), 623-640.
MacIntyre, S., Wanninkof, R., & Chanton, J., 1995. Trace gas exchange across the air-water interface in freshwater and coastal marine environments. In: Matson, P. & Harris, R., eds. Biogenic trace gases: measuring emissions from soil and water. Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 52-97.
Mayorga, E., Aufdenkampe, A.K., Masiello, C.A., Krusche, A.V., Hedges, J.I., Quay, P.D., Richey, J.E., & Brown, T.A., 2005. Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers. Nature 436(7050), 538-541. PMid:16049484.
Mayorga, E., Logsdon, M., Ballester, M., & Richey, J., 2012. LBA-ECO-CD-06 Amazon river basin land and stream drainage direction maps. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center.
Melack, J.M., & Engle, D.L., 2009. An organic carbon budget for an Amazon floodplain lake. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen 30(8), 1179-1182.
Melack, J.M., & Hess, L.L., 2010. Remote sensing of the distribution and extent of wetlands in the Amazon basin. In: Junk, W., Piedade, M.T.F., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J & Parolin, P., eds. Amazonian floodplain forests ecophysiology, biodiversity and sustainable management. Dordrecht: Springer, 43-59.
Melack, J.M., 2016. Aquatic ecosystems. In: Nagy, L., Forsberg, B.R. & Artaxo, P., eds. Aquatic ecosystems. Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere and human land use in the Amazon basin: Springer: Heidelberg, 301-329.
Melack, J.M., Novo, E., Forsberg, B.R., Piedade, M.T., & Maurice, L., 2009. Floodplain ecosystem processes. In: Keller, M., Bustamante, M., Gash, J. & Dias, P.S., eds. Amazonia and global change. Washington: AGU, 525-541.
Moss, G., & Moss, M., 2005. Brasil das águas: revelando o azul do verde e amarelo. São Paulo: Supernova Editora.
Ponnamperuma, F., Tianco, E.M., & Loy, T.A., 1966. Ionic strengths of the solutions of flooded soils and other natural aqueous solutions from specific conductance. Soil Sci. 102(6), 408-413.
Poulter, B., Aragão, L., Heyder, U., Gumpenberger, M., Heinke, J., Langerwisch, F., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K., & Cramer, W., 2010. Net biome production of the Amazon basin in the 21st century. Glob. Change Biol. 16(7), 2062-2075.
Rasera, M.F.F.L., Krusche, A.V., Richey, J.E., Ballester, M.V., & Victória, R.L., 2013. Spatial and temporal variability of pCO2 and CO2 efflux in seven Amazonian rivers. Biogeochemistry 116(1-3), 241-259.
Raymond, P.A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Dürr, H., Meybeck, M., Ciais, P., & Guth, P., 2013. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature 503(7476), 355-359. PMid:24256802.
Richey, J., Devol, A., Wofsy, S., Victoria, R., & Ribeiro, M., 1988. Biogenic gases and the oxidation and reduction of carbon in amazon river and floodplain waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33(4), 551-561.
Richey, J., Hedges, J.I., Devol, A.H., Quay, P.D., Victoria, R., Martinelli, L., & Forsberg, B.R., 1990. Biogeochemistry of carbon in the Amazon river. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35(2), 352-371.
Richey, J., Krusche, A.V., Johnson, M.S., Cunha, H.B., & Ballester, M.V., 2009. The role of rivers in the regional carbon balance. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 186, 489-504.
Richey, J.E., Melack, J.M., Aufdenkampe, A.K., Ballester, V.M., & Hess, L.L., 2002. Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2. Nature 416(6881), 617-620. PMid:11948346.
Rödig, E., Cuntz, M., Rammig, A., Fischer, R., Taubert, F., & Huth, A., 2018. The importance of forest structure for carbon fluxes of the amazon rainforest. Environ. Res. Lett. 13(5), 054013.
Sawakuchi, H.O., Neu, V., Ward, N.D., Barros, M.L.C., Valerio, A.M., Gagne-Maynard, W., Cunha, A.C., Less, D.F.S., Diniz, J.E.M., Brito, D.C., Krusche, A.V., & Richey, J.E., 2017. Carbon dioxide emissions along the lower Amazon river. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 76.
Scofield, V., Melack, J.M., Barbosa, P.M., Amaral, J.H.F., Forsberg, B.R., & Farjalla, V.F., 2016. Carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian aquatic ecosystems in the Negro River basin. Biogeochemistry 129(1-2), 77-91.
Sioli, H. 1984. The Amazon and its main affluents: Hydrography, morphology of the river courses, and river types. In: Sioli, H., ed. The Amazon. Dordrecht: Springer, 127-165, vol. 56.
Sullivan, M.J., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Castilho, C., Costa, F., Sanchez, A.C., Ewango, C.E., Hubau, W., Marimon, B., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Qie, L., Sonké, B., Martinez, R.V., Baker, T.R., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Galbraith, D., Gloor, M., Malhi, Y., Aiba, S.I., Alexiades, M.N., Almeida, E.C., de Oliveira, E.A., Dávila, E.Á., Loayza, P.A., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P., Aymard C, G., Baccaro, F.B., Banin, L.F., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Barroso, J., Bastin, J.F., Batterman, S.A., Beeckman, H., Begne, S.K., Bennett, A.C., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Boeckx, P., Bogaert, J., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Brncic, T., Brown, F., Burban, B., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Céron, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Moscoso, V.C., Chave, J., Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., de Souza, F.C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Valverde, F.C., Medina, M.C., da Costa, L., Dančák, M., Dargie, G.C., Davies, S., Cardozo, N.D., de Haulleville, T., de Medeiros, M.B., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Doucet, J.L., Dourdain, A., Droissart, V., Duque, L.F., Ekoungoulou, R., Elias, F., Erwin, T., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Fauset, S., Ferreira, J., Llampazo, G.F., Foli, E., Ford, A., Gilpin, M., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Hamilton, A.C., Harris, D.J., Hart, T.B., Hédl, R., Herault, B., Herrera, R., Higuchi, N., Hladik, A., Coronado, E.H., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Huasco, W.H., Jeffery, K.J., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Kalamandeen, M., Djuikouo, M.N.K., Kearsley, E., Umetsu, R.K., Kho, L.K., Killeen, T., Kitayama, K., Klitgaard, B., Koch, A., Labrière, N., Laurance, W., Laurance, S., Leal, M.E., Levesley, A., Lima, A.J.N., Lisingo, J., Lopes, A.P., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lowe, R., Magnusson, W.E., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Manzatto, Â.G., Marimon Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Marthews, T., de Almeida Reis, S.M., Maycock, C., Melgaço, K., Mendoza, C., Metali, F., Mihindou, V., Milliken, W., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morandi, P.S., Mossman, H.L., Nagy, L., Nascimento, H., Neill, D., Nilus, R., Vargas, P.N., Palacios, W., Camacho, N.P., Peacock, J., Pendry, C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Pickavance, G.C., Pipoly, J., Pitman, N., Playfair, M., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Preziosi, R., Prieto, A., Primack, R.B., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Correa, Z.R., de Sousa, T.R., Bayona, L.R., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Rutishauser, E., Abu Salim, K., Salomão, R.P., Schietti, J., Sheil, D., Silva, R.C., Espejo, J.S., Valeria, C.S., Silveira, M., Simo-Droissart, M., Simon, M.F., Singh, J., Soto Shareva, Y.C., Stahl, C., Stropp, J., Sukri, R., Sunderland, T., Svátek, M., Swaine, M.D., Swamy, V., Taedoumg, H., Talbot, J., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Thomas, S.C., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Gamarra, L.V., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., van der Meer, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Verbeeck, H., Vernimmen, R., Vicentini, A., Vieira, I.C.G., Torre, E.V., Vleminckx, J., Vos, V., Wang, O., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Woods, J.T., Wortel, V., Young, K., Zagt, R., Zemagho, L., Zuidema, P.A., Zwerts, J.A., & Phillips, O.L., 2020. Long-term thermal sensitivity of earth’s tropical forests. Science 368(6493), 869-874. PMid:32439789.
Tranvik, L.J., Downing, J.A., Cotner, J.B., Loiselle, S.A., Striegl, R.G., Ballatore, T.J., Dillon, P., Finlay, K., Fortino, K., Knoll, L.B., et al, 2009. Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54(6), 2298-2314.
Ward, N.D., Keil, R.G., Medeiros, P.M., Brito, D.C., Cunha, A.C., Dittmar, T., Yager, P.L., Krusche, A.V., & Richey, J.E., 2013. Degradation of terrestrially derived macromolecules in the amazon river. Nat. Geosci. 6(7), 530-533.
Wissmar, R., Richey, J., Stallard, R., & Edmond, J., 1981. Plankton metabolism and carbon processes in the Amazon river, its tributaries, and floodplain waters, Peru‐Brazil, May‐June 1977. Ecology 62(6), 1622-1633.
Submetido em:
13/09/2023
Aceito em:
14/02/2023
Publicado em:
22/03/2023